bio test OMG

monomers

simple sugars

ex of monomers (3)

glucose, galactose, fructose

isomers

molecules of the same chemical formula with different structures

glucose

h on top, 6 sides

galactose

oh on top, 6 sides

fructose

5 sides

rxn for monomers

dehydration synthesis

forms glycosidic bonds between sugars

carbohydrates

dimers

2 pieces joined together

glucose + glucose

maltose

glucose + galactose

lactose

glucose + fructose

sucrose

formula for carbohydrates

Cn(H2O)n

primary f(x) for carbohydrates

short term energy storage

used by mitochondria to make atp

Blood sugar (glucose)

why is shape important for biomolecules

enzymes must fit to get broken down

short term energy storage

carbohydrate polymers

plants store carbohydrates as what

starch

animals store carbohydrates as what

glycogen

where do we store carbohydrates

muscle and liver

plants use what to build their cell wall

cellulose

plants use which glucose

beta glucose

fungi structure

n acetylglucosamine

fungi use what to build cell wall

chitin

bacteria use what to build cell wall

peptidoglycen

(sugar chain with short a.a. chain)

peptidoglycen

gram +

purple

gram -

pink

what determines blood type

glycocalyx on cell membrane surface

lipids are composed predominantly of

carbon adn hydrogen

What type of bonds are – C – H

nonpolar covalent

lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic? why?

hydrophobic, nonpolar

building blocks of lipids

glycerol and fatty acids

glycerol

3 carbon alcohol

fatty acids

hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl

saturated fatty acids: how many c, how many h? why?

full of hydrogen as possible (2 h for every one c), c=17, h=34

saturated fatty acids: natural of unnatural?

natural

which fat has only single bonds

saturated fatty acids

saturated fatty acids: describe configuration

straight

saturated fatty acids: solid or liquid at room temp

solid

Unsaturated Fatty Acids (cis): how many c, how many h, why?

c=17, h=30, cus 2 double bonds, Not as full of hydrogen as possible

Unsaturated Fatty Acids (cis): describe configuration

bent

Unsaturated Fatty Acids (cis): solid or liquid at room temp

liquid

Unsaturated Fatty Acids (cis): natural or unnatural

natural

Unsaturated Fatty Acids (trans): natural or unnatural

unnatural

Unsaturated Fatty Acids (trans): how many c, how many h, why?

c=17, h=32, cus one double bond. Not as full of hydrogen

Unsaturated Fatty Acids (trans): describe structure

straight

Unsaturated Fatty Acids (trans): solid or liquid at room temp

solid

long term energy storage

lipids

Triglyceride (fat) made up of what

1 Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids

lipid cell membrane formed from

Phospholipid Bilayer

Phospholipid made of what

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phosphate group

phospholipid interaction w water

Amphipathic

why phospholipid Amphipathic

polar head . . . hydrophilic (cus its polar), hydrocarbon tails . . . hydrophobic (cus its nonpolar)

Steroid f(x)

modified fatty acid ... maintains integrity of cell membrane

explain steroid structure

3 rings of 6, 1 ring of 5, hydroxyl

steroid hormones fx

provide cells with information about which genes to turn on

ex of steroid homones

Testosterone, Estradiol

what fx goup of testosterone, why?

keytone, testoster(one), ends in o which isnt h

testoterone structure

3 rings of 6, 1 ring of 5, ends in double o bond

estrodial (estrogen) fx group. why?

hydroxyl, has 2 oh/ho on either ends, diol in estrodiol means double alcohol (hydroxyl makes alc)

estrodial (estrogen) structure

3 rings of 6, 1 ring of 5, hydroxyl on either ends

protein monomers

amino acids

proteins structure

amino side, carboxyl side, replicable side chain, backbone

How many different amino acids

20

rxn for digestion

Dehydration synthesi

Purpose of peptides/what do they do?

Fold and arrange to form proteins

order of peptide structure

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Primary structure

order of amino acids

Secondary structure

local shapes formed though h bonding of peptide backbone

Tertiary structure

3d structure of a single peptide bond held by side chain interactions

Quaternary structure

3d structure of entire protein with all its sub units

What holds peptide structures together

Hydrogen bonds

What are the two peptide structure shapes?

Alpha Helix, Beta Pleated Sheet

Function of structure?

provides frame for cells to anchor to

Function of enzymes?

controls all chemical reactions by lowering energy of activation

What is the most abundant protein in the body? What is its purpose?

Collagen, Provides frame for bone, cartilage, and skin

What is the purpose of keratin?

Provides structure to hair and nails

What is communication/identification? What does it allow?

Cells signaling and communication, Allows for cell-cell identification

What does communication/identification act as?

Hormones and receptors

Function of movement?

Movement of parts of actual organisms

What do Contractile proteins allow?

Movement of muscles

What are the two contractile proteins?

Actin and Myosin

function of transport?

movement of substances in"/out of cell through membrane protein

passive transport

dont need energy, particels move where they want to go through a hole/channel provided

active transport

require energy to move particels where they dont wanna go

function for defense

antibodies will defend body from pathogen

what are the 4 denaturation of protein

temp, ph, salinity, detergent

how does temp denature proteins

Heat makes particles move quickly and shakes them hard, causing the proteins to break.

how does ph denature proteins

H+ can interfere with the electrostatic interactions that hold parts of the protein in place

ex of ph denaturing protein

H+ gives polar regions other charges to interact with

how does salinity denature proteins

Na+ and Cl- can interfere with the electrostatic interactions that hold parts of the protein in place

ex of salinity denaturing protein

Salts separate into cations (+) and anions (-) giving polar regions other charges to interact with

how does detergent danature proteins

Interferes with both electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic interactions.

ex of detergent denaturing protein

Detergent gives polar regions other partial charges to interact with, Nonpolar wants to interact with nonpolar ...

what are nucelotides made of

5 carbon sugar, nitrogen base, phospate group

rxn of nucleic acids

dehydration synthesis

monomers of nucleic acids

nucleotides

dna stands for

deoxyribonucleic acid

rna stands for

ribonucleic acid