Dissociative, Personality, Eating and NeurodevelopmentalDisorders

Dissociative Disorders

Controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) (formerly multiple personality disorder)

Rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

Personality Disorders

Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members

• Lack of empathy

• Often impulsive, fearless, and irresponsible

• Sociopaths or psychopaths

Anorexia Nervosa

Person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight (deadliest)

Anorexia Nervosa Diagnostic criteria

• Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to significantly low body weight

• Significantly low weight is defined as a weight that is less than the minimal normal weight or, in children and adolescents, less than the minimal expected weight.

• Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even though the patient has a significantly low weight.

• Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight

Bulimia Nervosa

Person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), sometimes followed by fasting or excessive exercise

Bulimia Nervosa Diagnostic criteria

• Recurrent episodes of binge eating.

  • Eating excessively

  • Lack of control over eating during the episode

• Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications, fasting, or excessive exercise.

• The binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least once a week for three months.

• Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.

• Binging or purging does not occur exclusively during episodes of behavior that would be common in those with anorexia nervosa.

Binge-eating disorder

Significant binge eating, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa

Binge-eating disorder Diagnostic criteria

• Recurrent episodes of binge eating.

• The binge-eating episodes are associated with three (or more) of the following:

  • Eating much more rapidly than normal

  • Eating until feeling uncomfortably full

  • Eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry

  • Eating alone because of feeling embarrassed by how much one is eating

  • Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty afterwards

• Marked distress regarding binge eating is present.

• The binge eating occurs, on average, at least once a week for three months.

• The binge eating is not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (for example, purging) and does not occur exclusively during the course of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder.

• It is extremely important to note that weight or appearance is not part of the diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder

Eating Disorders cause

• Family environment

• Low self-esteem, perfectionistic, concern over how others perceive them

• Cultural pressures

• Stress

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Cognitive and social-emotional disorder marked by social deficiencies and repetitive behaviors

Characteristics of ASD

• Meltdowns

• Stimming

• Anxiety

• Restricted interests

• Communication problems

• Poor executive function (logical thinking, impulse control)

• Need for routine

• Sensitivity to external stimuli

• Eye contact issues

• Social issues

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

ADHD Symptoms

Inattention, distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity