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μx =
μx+t =

fx(t) =

tpx =

tqx =

E[Tx] =
E[Tx2] =
Complete Expectation of Life

E[Kx] =
E[Kx2] =
Curtate Expectation of Life

Number of survivors/death calculations

UDD

CFM

Discount Factor
Discrete vs Continuous

Life Insurance Overview
PV (cont, discrete) + symbol for APV

EPV
Continuous Whole Life
Discrete Whole Life

Pure Endowment

Life Insurance Relationships

UDD & CA

Life Insurances
Second Moment

EPV:
Continuous Whole Life Annuity
Whole Life Annuity-Due
Whole Life Annuity-Immediate

EPV:
Term Life Annuity-Due
Term Life Annuity-Immediate
Continuous Term Life Annuity





Annuities
Variances

Annuities Relations
Guaranteed Annuity =

98th percentile means
98th percentile means the survival probability equals 0.98
The Loss at Issue Random Variable

When are premiums paid?

Calculating the "Tipping Point" of Profitability

The Percentile Premium Principle

V[L] =

The Percentile Premium Principle
Shortcuts

To model this "extra risk" in EPV calculations, one of three methods are usually used:

The Future Loss Random Variable

The Future Loss Random Variable
Assumptions & Company Valuation



When dealing with Constant Force of Mortality / Interest

CFM distribution
