Endocrine System

endocrine system

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Glands

Organ that produces/releases a substance of secretion

exocrine glands

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

endocrine glands

Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream

Hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

steroid hormones

enter the target cells and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus

non-steroid hormones

(amines, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins) bind to cell receptors on cell membrane

Hypothalamus

controls the secretions of the pituitary gland

pituitary gland

Secretes hormones that directly regulate many body functions or control the actions of other endocrine glands (master gland)

pineal gland

secretes melatonin that controls our daily rhythms

Thyroid

regulates metabolism

Thymus

the site of T cell maturation and is larger in children and adolescents.

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

Pancreas

Produce insulin and glucagon to help keep the blood glucose level stable

Gonads

ovaries and testes

Ovaries

produce estrogen and progesterone that help growth and development in eggs and prepares uterus for fertilized egg

Testes

Secretes testosterone that stores and produce sperm

diabetes mellitus

insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

Immune system kills beta cells, causing little to no secretion of insulin

Type II Diabetes

type of diabetes in which the body produces insulin but the insulin cannot be used by body cells

negative feedback

There is a mechanism on how to stop the first chemical in the reaction that allowed the hormones to increase in the bloodstream

target cells

cells that have receptors for a particular hormone

Insulin

Decrease blood sugar back to normal levels

Glucagon

Increase blood sugar back to normal levels

Glycogen

stored glucose in liver cells

Positive feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

beta cells of pancreas

produce insulin

alpha cells of pancreas

produce glucagon

adrenal cortex

outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Promotes secretion of growth hormone (GH)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Thyrotopin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Release of thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)

stimulates release of prolactin

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

inhibits secretion of prolactin

growth hormone

hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth and repair of tissues

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Tells thyroid how much thyroid hormones it needs to make

luteinizing hormone (LH)

causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Triggers growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Triggers adrenal glands to produce cortisol and androgens and control metabolism

Prolactin (PRL)

stimulates milk production

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

promotes retention of water by kidneys (H2O balance)

Oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

regulate the rate of metabolism

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

raises blood calcium level

Aldosterone

Controls balance of water and salt in the kidney

Glucorticoids

increase blood glucose

adrenal androgens

Play a role in early development of reproductive organs