endocrine system
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Glands
Organ that produces/releases a substance of secretion
exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
endocrine glands
Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream
Hormones
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
steroid hormones
enter the target cells and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus
non-steroid hormones
(amines, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins) bind to cell receptors on cell membrane
Hypothalamus
controls the secretions of the pituitary gland
pituitary gland
Secretes hormones that directly regulate many body functions or control the actions of other endocrine glands (master gland)
pineal gland
secretes melatonin that controls our daily rhythms
Thyroid
regulates metabolism
Thymus
the site of T cell maturation and is larger in children and adolescents.
adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.
Pancreas
Produce insulin and glucagon to help keep the blood glucose level stable
Gonads
ovaries and testes
Ovaries
produce estrogen and progesterone that help growth and development in eggs and prepares uterus for fertilized egg
Testes
Secretes testosterone that stores and produce sperm
diabetes mellitus
insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Immune system kills beta cells, causing little to no secretion of insulin
Type II Diabetes
type of diabetes in which the body produces insulin but the insulin cannot be used by body cells
negative feedback
There is a mechanism on how to stop the first chemical in the reaction that allowed the hormones to increase in the bloodstream
target cells
cells that have receptors for a particular hormone
Insulin
Decrease blood sugar back to normal levels
Glucagon
Increase blood sugar back to normal levels
Glycogen
stored glucose in liver cells
Positive feedback
Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.
beta cells of pancreas
produce insulin
alpha cells of pancreas
produce glucagon
adrenal cortex
outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Promotes secretion of growth hormone (GH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyrotopin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Release of thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)
stimulates release of prolactin
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
inhibits secretion of prolactin
growth hormone
hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth and repair of tissues
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Tells thyroid how much thyroid hormones it needs to make
luteinizing hormone (LH)
causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Triggers growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Triggers adrenal glands to produce cortisol and androgens and control metabolism
Prolactin (PRL)
stimulates milk production
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
promotes retention of water by kidneys (H2O balance)
Oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
regulate the rate of metabolism
Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium levels
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
raises blood calcium level
Aldosterone
Controls balance of water and salt in the kidney
Glucorticoids
increase blood glucose
adrenal androgens
Play a role in early development of reproductive organs