Endocrine System

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49 Terms

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endocrine system
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
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Glands
Organ that produces/releases a substance of secretion
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exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
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endocrine glands
Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream
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Hormones
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
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steroid hormones
enter the target cells and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus
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non-steroid hormones
(amines, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins) bind to cell receptors on cell membrane
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Hypothalamus
controls the secretions of the pituitary gland
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pituitary gland
Secretes hormones that directly regulate many body functions or control the actions of other endocrine glands (master gland)
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pineal gland
secretes melatonin that controls our daily rhythms
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Thyroid
regulates metabolism
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Thymus
the site of T cell maturation and is larger in children and adolescents.
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adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.
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Pancreas
Produce insulin and glucagon to help keep the blood glucose level stable
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Gonads
ovaries and testes
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Ovaries
produce estrogen and progesterone that help growth and development in eggs and prepares uterus for fertilized egg
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Testes
Secretes testosterone that stores and produce sperm
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diabetes mellitus
insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects
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Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Immune system kills beta cells, causing little to no secretion of insulin
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Type II Diabetes
type of diabetes in which the body produces insulin but the insulin cannot be used by body cells
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negative feedback
There is a mechanism on how to stop the first chemical in the reaction that allowed the hormones to increase in the bloodstream
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target cells
cells that have receptors for a particular hormone
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Insulin
Decrease blood sugar back to normal levels
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Glucagon
Increase blood sugar back to normal levels
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Glycogen
stored glucose in liver cells
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Positive feedback
Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.
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beta cells of pancreas
produce insulin
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alpha cells of pancreas
produce glucagon
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adrenal cortex
outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
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Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Promotes secretion of growth hormone (GH)
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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Thyrotopin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Release of thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)
stimulates release of prolactin
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Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
inhibits secretion of prolactin
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growth hormone
hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth and repair of tissues
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Tells thyroid how much thyroid hormones it needs to make
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Triggers growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Triggers adrenal glands to produce cortisol and androgens and control metabolism
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Prolactin (PRL)
stimulates milk production
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
promotes retention of water by kidneys (H2O balance)
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Oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
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Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
regulate the rate of metabolism
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Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium levels
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parathyroid hormone (PTH)
raises blood calcium level
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Aldosterone
Controls balance of water and salt in the kidney
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Glucorticoids
increase blood glucose
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adrenal androgens
Play a role in early development of reproductive organs