Studied by 16 people
Social stratification
A hierarchy of socially-relevant factors that divide people into rankings.
Closed system
A social stratification system where no change in social position is allowed; based on ascribed status.
Open system
A social stratification system that allows for change in social position, based on achieved status.
Upper class
The social class that differentiates itself between 'old money' (inherited wealth) and 'new money' (self-made wealth).
Working class
A category of the lower class that has steady jobs.
Working poor
A category of the lower class with jobs that are low-paying and do not provide a living wage.
Underclass
A category of the lower class that is unemployed or underemployed.
Class traits
Social markers typically indicative of one's social class, which do not always match actual class status.
Absolute poverty
The inability to afford the necessities for a minimum standard of living.
Relative poverty
Condition of having an income less than 50% of the median income for a society.
Human Development Index
A measure of global inequality focusing on life expectancy, knowledge, and standard of living.
Gini Coefficient
An economic index of income equality ranging from 0 (equal) to 1 (one individual holds all income).
International Poverty Line
A threshold defining extreme poverty, set at less than USD$2.15/day.
Wallerstein’s World Systems Approach
A view of the global economy structured around core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral nations.
Core nations
Dominant capitalist countries that control the global economy.
Semi-peripheral nations
Nations that can provide materials to core nations but lack major control over the economy.
Peripheral nations
Countries that are exploited for economic gain by core nations.
Outsourcing
The practice of relocating jobs/factories to lower wage countries to reduce costs.
Race
Socially-constructed groupings of people based on similar physical and social qualities.
Ethnicity
Social groupings of people based on shared culture such as language and traditions.
Minority group
A group that is discriminated against based on physical or cultural characteristics.
Scapegoat theory
The concept that dominant groups project aggression onto marginalized groups to avoid accountability.
Prejudice
Beliefs and attitudes about a group based on biased pre-judgments.
Discrimination
Biased and unfair actions against a group stemming from prejudice.
Racism
Prejudice and discrimination used to justify inequality between racial groups.
Individual Racism
Interpersonal prejudice or discrimination directed at individuals.
Structural Racism
Systematic processes that disadvantage racially marginalized groups.
Historical Racism
Inequalities caused by past racism that still affect society today.
Colorism
Discrimination based on skin tone, where lighter skin is often viewed as superior.
Colorblind Racism
Avoiding discussions of racial inequality or claiming that racism is no longer an issue.
Racial covenants
Exclusionary rules in real estate preventing marginalized groups from purchasing homes.
Redlining
The practice of denying mortgage loans to people in minority-dominated neighborhoods.
Blockbusting
The practice of realtors exploiting racial prejudices for profit in housing sales.
Pluralism
When multiple cultures coexist in harmony, retaining their unique identities.
Amalgamation
The combining of different cultural identities into a single, fused identity.
Assimilation
The process by which a minority group adopts the customs and attitudes of the dominant culture.
Segregation
Separation of groups either legally or socially.
Expulsion
Forcing a group to leave a society, often by the dominant group.
Genocide
The systematic extermination of an entire group of people.
Explicit bias
Conscious stereotypes or attitudes that influence behavior.
Implicit bias
Unconscious stereotypes or attitudes that affect behavior subtly.
Gender
Classification based on behaviors and personal traits, often socially constructed.
Cisgender
A person whose gender identity matches their sex assigned at birth.
Transgender
A person whose gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth.
Gender roles
Socially-constructed traits and behaviors typically associated with men or women.
Second shift
The expectation for women to manage household responsibilities after working a day job.
Glass ceiling
Invisible barriers preventing women from obtaining executive-level positions.
First wave of feminism
Focused on women's suffrage and equal rights in the 1800s-early 1930s.
Second wave of feminism
Addressed broader social issues related to gender equality, 1960s-1980s.
Third wave of feminism
Focused on inclusivity and intersectionality, 1990s-2010s.
Fourth wave of feminism
Current activism surrounding bodily autonomy and issues like sexual harassment.
Sexual orientation
The nature of one's attraction to different genders or sexes.
Heterosexual
Attracted to the opposite sex.
Homosexual
Attracted to the same sex.
Bisexual
Attracted to both men and women.
Asexual
Lacking sexual attraction or desire.
Pansexual
Attraction to individuals regardless of sex or gender.
Omnisexual
Attraction to all sexes and genders but recognizes the partner's gender.
Queer
An inclusive term for sexual and gender minorities, reclaiming the notion of non-heteronormativity.
Closeted
When a queer person has not revealed their GSRM status.
Coming out
Choosing to disclose one's GSRM status to others.
Outing
Exposing someone's GSRM status without their consent.
Out
When someone's GSRM status is known to others, whether disclosed or outed.
Homophobia
Fear and discrimination against LGBTQIA+ individuals.
Biphobia
Prejudice against bisexual individuals.
Transphobia
Fear or discrimination against transgender individuals.
Heteronormativity
The societal assumption that heterosexuality is the default sexual orientation.
Heterosexism
Disadvantages imposed on sexual minorities due to societal norms favoring heterosexuality.
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Flashcard (24)