Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad, 1912-1916

Wilson won the election of 1912 largely because the Republican party split in two.

True

In the 1912 campaign, Wilson's "New Freedom" favored a socially activist government and preserving large regulated trusts, while Roosevelt's "New Nationalist" favored small enterprise and strict antitrust laws

False

Wilson believed that the president should provide national leadership by appealing directly to the people.

True

Wilson successfully used his popular appeal to push through progressive reforms of the tariff, monetary systems, and trusts

true

Wilson's progressive outlook showed itself clearly in his attempt to improve the conditions and treatment of blacks.

False

Wilson initially attempted to overturn the imperialistic big-stick and dollar-diplomacy foreign policies of Roosevelt and Taft, especially in Latin America.

True

Wilson consistently refused to send American troops to intervene in the Caribbean

False

Wilson's initial policy toward the revolutionary Mexican government of General Huerta was to show his disapproval without sending in American troops.

True

The mediation of three Latin American nations saved Wilson from a full-scale war with Mexico

True

General Pershing's expedition into Mexico was an attempt to bring the pro-American faction of Mexican revolutionaries to power.

False

In the early days of World War 1, more Americans sympathized with Germany than with Britain.

False

The American economy benefited greatly from supplying goods to the Allies.

True

After the Lusitania's sinking, the Midwest and West favored war with Germany, while the East generally favored attempts at negotiations.

False

After the sinking of the Sussex, Wilson successfully pressured Germany into stopping submarine attacks against neutral shipping.

True

In the 1916 campaign, Wilson ran on the slogan "He Kept Us Out of War," while his opponent Hughes tried to straddle the issue of a possible war with Germany.

True

The basic contrast between the two progressive candidates, Roosevelt and Wilson, was that

Roosevelt wanted the federal government to regulate the economy and promote social welfare, while Wilson wanted to restore economic competition and social equality.

Wilson won the election of 1912 primarily because

Taft and Roosevelt split the former Republican vote.

Wilson's primary weakness as a politician was

his tendency to be inflexible and refuse to compomise

The "triple wall of privilege" that Wilson set out to reform consisted of

the tariffs, the banks, and the trusts.

During the Wilson administration, Congress exercised the authority granted by the newly enacted sixteenth Amendment to pass

a federal income tax.

The new regulatory agency created by the Wilson administration in 1914 that attacked monopolies, false advertising and consumer fraud was

the Federal Trade Commission.

While it attacked business monopolies, the Clayton Anti-Trust Act exempted from antitrust prosecution

agricultural and labor organizations.

Wilson effectively reformed the banking and financial system by

establishing a publicly controlled Federal Reserve Board with regional banks under bankers' control

Wilson's progressive policies and laws substantially aided all of the following groups except

blacks.

Wilson's initial attitude toward the Mexican revolutionary government was

to refuse recognition of General Huerta's regime but avoid American intervention.

The threatened war between the United States and Mexico in 1914 was avoided by the mediation of the ABC powers, which consisted of

Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.

General Pershing's expedition into Mexico was sent in direct response to

the killing of American citizens in New Mexico by "Pancho" Villa.

The sympathy of a majority of Americans for the Allies and against Germany was especially conditioned by

the German invasion of neutral Belgium.

After the Lusitania, Arabic, and Sussex sinkings, Wilson successfully pressured the German government to

cease from sinking neutral merchant and passenger ships without warning.

Wilson's most effective slogan in the campaign of 1916 was

"He Kept Us Out of War"

Bull Moose

Four-footed symbol of Roosevelt's Progressive third party in 1912

Socialist Party

A fourth political party, led by a former labor union leader, that garnered nearly a million votes in 1912.

New Freedom

Wilson's political philosophy of restoring democracy through trust-busting and economic competition.

Federal Reserve

A twelve-member agency appointed by the president to oversee the banking system under a new federal law of 1913.

Federal Trade Commision

New presidentially appointed regulatory commission designed to prevent monopoly and guard against unethical trade practices.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Wilsonian law that tried to curb business monopoly while permitting labor and agricultural organizations.

Railway labor act

Wilsonian reform law that established an eight-hour day for railroad workers.

Haiti

Troubled Caribbean island nation where a president's murder led Wilson to send in the marines and assume American control of the police and finances.

ABC Powers

Term for the three Latin American nations whose mediation prevented war between the United States and Mexico in 1914

Central Powers

World War 1 alliance headed by Germany and Austria-Hungary

Allies

The coalition of powers--led by Britain, France, and Russia--that opposed Germany and its partners in World War 1.

Submarine

New underwater weapon that threatened neutral shipping and seemed to violate all traditional norms of international law.

Lusitania Pledge

Large British passenger liner whose sinking in 1915 prompted some Americans to call for war against Germany.

Sussex Pledge

Germany's carefully conditional agreement in 1916 not to sink passenger and merchant vessels without warning.

California

Key electoral state where a tiny majority for Wilson tipped the balance against Hughes in 1916.

Thomas Woodrow Wilson

Southern-born intellectual who pursued strong moral goals in politics and the presidency.

Theodore Roosevelt

Energetic progressive and vigorous nationalist who refused to wage another third-party campaign in 1916

Samuel Gompers

Labor leader who hailed the Clayton Anti-Trust Act as the "Magna Carta of labor"

Louis D. Brandeis

Leading progressive reformer and the first Jew named to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Virgin Islands

Caribbean territory purchased by the United States from Denmark in 1917

General Huerta

Mexican revolutionary whose bloody regime Wilson refused to recognize and nearly ended up fighting.

Venustiano Carranza

Second revolutionary Mexican president, who took aid from the United States but strongly resisted American military intervention in his country.

Vera Cruz

Ports where clashes between Mexicans and American military forces nearly led to war in 1914

"Pancho" Villa

Mexican revolutionary whose assaults on American citizens and territory provoked a U.S. expedition into Mexico

John J. Pershing

Commander of the American military expedition into Mexico in 1916-1917

Belgium

Small European nation whose neutrality was violated by Germany in the early days of World War 1

Serbia

Small European nation in which an Austro-Hungarian heir was killed, leading to the outbreak of World War 1

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Autocratic ruler who symbolized ruthlessness and arrogance to many pro-Allied Americans

Haiti

Caribbean nation where Wilson sent American marines in 1915

Charles Evans Hughes

Narrowly unsuccessful presidential candidate who tried to straddle both sides of the fence regarding American policy toward Germany.

The split between Roosevelt and Taft

Allowed Wilson to win a narrow presidential victory in the election of 1916

Wilson's presidential appeals to the public over the heads of Congress

Helped push through sweeping reforms of the tariff and the banking system in 1913

The Federal Reserve Act

Finally established an effective national banking system and a flexible money supply

Conservative Justices of the Supreme Court

Declared unconstitutional progressive Wilsonian measures dealing with labor unions and child labor

Political turmoil in Haiti and Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)

Caused Wilson to send in U.S. marines to restore order and supervise finances.

The Mexican revolution

Created constant political instability south of the border and undermined Wilson's hopes for better U.S. relations with Latin America

"Pancho" Villa's raid on Columbus, New Mexico

Was the immediate provocation for General Pershing's punitive expedition into Mexico

America's close cultural and economic ties with Britain

Caused most Americans to sympathize with the Allies rather than the Central Powers.

Germany's Sinking of the Lusitania, Arabic, and Sussex

Caused President Wilson and other outraged Americans to demand an end to unrestricted submarine warfare.

Wilson's apparent success in keeping America at peace through diplomacy

Enabled the Democrats to win a narrow presidential victory in the election of 1916.

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