DIGESTIVE FUNCTION EXAM 4 PATHO PT2

What is dumping syndrome?

A condition characterized by rapid emptying of the stomach into the small intestine 10 to 20 minutes after eating.

What causes dumping syndrome?

It is caused by loss of gastric capacity, loss of emptying control when the pylorus is removed, and loss of feedback control by the duodenum.

What are the symptoms of dumping syndrome?

Cramping pain, nausea, vomiting, osmotic diarrhea, hypotension, weakness, and pallor.

What dietary management is recommended for dumping syndrome?

Dietary management is recommended to help manage symptoms.

What is alkaline (bile) reflux gastritis?

A condition that occurs when stomach inflammation disrupts the mucosal barrier.

What are the symptoms of alkaline reflux gastritis?

Nausea, vomiting, and sustained epigastric pain that worsens after eating and is not relieved by antacids.

What is afferent loop obstruction?

A condition caused by volvulus, hernia, adhesion, or stenosis.

What are common symptoms of afferent loop obstruction?

Diarrhea, weight loss, anemia, and bone and mineral disorders.

What are the two main types of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease

What type of disorders are classified as Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

Chronic, relapsing inflammatory bowel disorders

What genetic factor is associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

Genetics

What environmental factors can contribute to Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

Environmental factors

What is altered in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

Alterations of epithelial barrier functions

How do immune reactions change in Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

Altered immune reactions to intestinal flora

What is the risk associated with long-term Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

Risk of colon cancer increases significantly after many years

What is Ulcerative Colitis?

A chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulceration of the colonic mucosa.

Where does Ulcerative Colitis typically begin?

In the rectum.

What part of the colon can Ulcerative Colitis extend to?

It may extend proximally to the entire colon.

What age range do lesions of Ulcerative Colitis typically appear?

Between 20 and 40 years of age.

What are common symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis?

Diarrhea, urgency, bloody stools, cramping, dehydration, weight loss, and anemia.

How often do patients experience remission and exacerbation in Ulcerative Colitis?

Intermittent periods of remission and exacerbation.

How is the treatment for Ulcerative Colitis determined?

It is individualized and depends on the severity of symptoms and extent of mucosal involvement.

What is Crohn Disease?

An idiopathic inflammatory disorder.

What parts of the digestive tract can Crohn Disease affect?

Any part from mouth to anus.

What are some risk factors for Crohn Disease?

Smoking, low fiber-high carbohydrate diet, NSAIDs, altered intestinal microbiome.

What are common symptoms of Crohn Disease?

Severe diarrhea, low grade fever, severe malabsorption, abdominal pain and distention, tenderness in RLQ.

What are later signs and symptoms of Crohn Disease?

Weight loss, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, anemia.

What can cause anemia in Crohn Disease patients?

Malabsorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid.

What type of lesions are characteristic of Crohn Disease?

Sharply demarcated granulomatous skip lesions.

How do skip lesions appear in Crohn Disease?

They occur where there is a lesion followed by normal tissue, not a constant lesion.

How is the treatment for Crohn Disease similar to another condition?

It is similar to the treatment for ulcerative colitis.

What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?

A disorder of brain-gut interaction characterized by recurrent abdominal pain with altered bowel habits.

What are the common bowel habits associated with IBS?

Constipation or diarrhea.

Which gender is more commonly affected by IBS?

Women.

During which life stages is IBS more prevalent?

Youth and middle age.

What mental health conditions are associated with IBS?

Anxiety and depression.

What is known about the pathophysiology of IBS?

It is unknown, and there are no specific biomarkers for the disease.

What may cause visceral hypersensitivity in IBS?

It may originate in either the peripheral or the central nervous system.

What factors may alter gut or central nervous system processing of gut-pain information in IBS?

Abnormal intestinal permeability, motility, and secretion.

What are some potential causes of IBS?

Postinflammatory changes, alteration in gut microbiota, food allergy/intolerance, and psychosocial factors.

What are common manifestations of IBS?

Lower abdominal pain or discomfort and bloating.

How can IBS symptoms be grouped?

Diarrhea-predominant, constipation-predominant, or alternating diarrhea/constipation.

What usually relieves symptoms such as gas, bloating, and nausea in IBS?

Defecation.

Is there a cure for IBS?

No, treatment is individualized.

What are diverticula?

Herniations or outpouching of mucosa through the muscle layers of the colon wall, especially the sigmoid colon.

What is diverticulosis?

Asymptomatic diverticular disease.

What is diverticulitis?

The inflammatory stage of diverticulosis.

Where can diverticula occur in the gastrointestinal tract?

Diverticula can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly at weak points in the colon wall.

What is known about the cause of diverticular disease?

The cause of diverticular disease is unknown.

What factors are associated with diverticular disease?

Increased intracolonic pressure, abnormal neuromuscular function, and alterations in intestinal motility.

What are some predisposing factors for diverticular disease?

Older age, genetic predisposition, obesity, smoking, diet, lack of physical activity, and medication use, such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Does lack of dietary fiber contribute to diverticular disease?

Lack of dietary fiber may or may not contribute to diverticular disease.

What does complicated diverticulitis include?

Abscess, fistula, obstruction, bleeding, or perforation.

What are the symptoms of uncomplicated diverticular disease?

Symptoms may be vague or absent.

How are diverticula often discovered?

During diagnostic procedures performed for other problems.

What diagnostic procedures can observe diverticula?

Ultrasound, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy.

How can symptoms of diverticular disease be relieved?

By increasing dietary fiber and fluid intake to increase bulk and lower colonic pressure.

What is the usual treatment for uncomplicated diverticulitis?

Bowel rest, a clear liquid diet, and analgesia.

What may be used in the treatment of uncomplicated diverticulitis?

Possibly antibiotics.

What is a treatment option for more severe cases of diverticulitis?

Colon resection.