Bio Practical

what are genetic mutation?

random changes that occur in genes because of damage from the environment or copy errors that happen during DNA replication

What is sexual reproduction?

which mixes the various alleles of parents into all manner of unique combinations in offspring

What is statistics?

The branch of mathematics devoted to the objective
description and analysis of data

what are the two main kind of statistic test?

descriptive: is to use the data measured from a sample to infer the likely characteristics of the population as a whole.

Statistical: use data from samples in order to rigorously answer questions about what might be going on in a system.

what is morphology?

Body shape

what is a chi test?

comparison of distribution or frequency

more or less common

what is the t test equation?

t= x1-x2/√s1^2/n1+s2^2/n2

Comparison of means

𝑋1 and 𝑋2 represent?

The mean for the two samples being compared

s2 represents?

the square of the standard deviation for each (a value known as the variance)

what does n stand for?

the sample size of each (number of data points collected = observations made in each case

what is mean?

the average

x̄ (x-bar)

the mean of the sample (actually measured)

µ (mu)

the mean of the whole population from which the sample was taken (inferred/estimated from the sample characteristics)x̄ provides an estimate of µ

what is standard deviation?

the variability about the mean

σ

the standard deviation of the whole population from which the sample was taken (inferred/estimated from the sample characteristics)s provides an estimate of σ

R - values of correlation

r value greater than .7 strong correlation
r value 0-.3 weak correlation
r value .3 - .7 moderate

Proxy

Stand in

Regression analysis

Relationship that exists between 2 variables

Bell shaped curve

Normal Distribution

non random assertive mating

decrease genetic diversity in the population over time

Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles

dominant alleles (indicated by a capital letter) dominate the phenotype

recessive alleles (represented with a lower case letter) only determine the phenotype when no dominant allele is present

what do you call a trait that is influenced by multiple genes?

Polygenic

Allele

a particular version of a gene

What are genes?

sequences of DNA that code for particular traits or phenotype

What are genotypes?

the particular combination of alleles an organism carries in its DNA for a given gene or genes

What is the mark-recapture method?

estimating the size of a population involves marking a sample of the relevant organisms (typically animals), allowing the organisms to mix back into the population, and then sampling them again. The proportion of marked organisms in the second sample reveals the proportion of the total population that was originally marked, allowing us to calculate the population size according to the equation

what is the mark recapture equation?

N=MC/R

N= species in the population
M=the first catch you mark
C= amount you caught
R= amount recaptured

what is modeling?

attempt to in some way artificially replicate a real system

what is discrete population growth?

annual natality occurs in one relatively short burst each year, rather than being spread throughout the year

What is discrete unrestricted growth?

Populations grow according to the equation

what is continuous unrestricted growth?

members of the population become reproductively viable (mature) and give birth throughout the year. We humans are an example of this

what is logistic growth?

population eventually gets large enough that environmental resources become limiting, or environmental factors otherwise start to push back against ongoing rampant growth. per capita rate gets smaller and smaller.

S shaped curve
r=rmax (1-n/k)

what is unrestricted exponential growth?

a population's per capita (per individual) growth rate stays the same regardless of population size, making the population grow faster and faster as it gets larger.

What is a dichotomous key?

a tool used to identify organisms by successively narrowing them into separate groups based on the characteristics they have.

Transpiration demonstration

Vascular plants transport water into and through their bodies. During transpiration water evaporates from leaves through pores called stomata.

what are leaves 3 main tissues?

upper epidermis: receives the most intense sunlight
mesophyll: consisting of the columnar palisade
mesophyll above and the irregular and airy spongy
mesophyll below rich in chloroplast

chlorenchyma

dicot leaf model

xylem and phloem

The xylem distributes water and dissolved minerals upward through the plant, from the roots to the leaves. The phloem carries food downward from the leaves to the roots.

What is a meristem?

where most roots and plant grows... lots of cell division happening

what is the very tip of the root called?

root cap

Apical meristem

composed of rapidly dividing, undifferentiated cells from which the root grows

zone of elongation

cells lengthen to effectively extend the root forward

monocot vs dicot

What is the stomata?

to take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen

flower model

what are phylum cnidara?

alternate between sessile polyps and free swimming medusae over the course of their life cycle. may reproduce asexually by budding of polyps, or sexually via specialized gonozoid polyps which release medusae (which in turn go on to produce eggs or sperm by meiosis for sexual reproduction).

what are examples of phylum cnidara

hydra, coral skeltons, jellies

Dorsal vs Ventral(Squid)

posterior side of squid

with the siphon pointed up

fins squid

used for locomotion

Chromatophore (squid)

dark dots of pigment on the surface of the squid

siphon

when the mantle tissue contracts, water trapped between the mantle and underlying visceral mass is forced out the siphon

squid eyes

do not posses a blind spot

squid internal anatomy (anterior)

Gills (squid)

red injected vein (brachial vein) and red arteries associated with it

branchial vein (squid)

red vein carrying oxygen blood from the gill

branchial heart (squid)

circular blue structures located at the top of the gills. they pump non oxygenated blood into the gills

What is a microtome used for?

holds specimen in place to get thin slice

what is grafting?

the process of fusing parts from two plants together

what is the above ground part of the cell?

the scion

what is a plant that retains its own root system?

stock or rootstock

What is osmosis?

The movement of water by diffusion

What is plasmolysis?

the separation (pulling away) of a plant's cell membrane from its cell wall, which occurs when the cell loses its water.

What is plant tissue culture?

the growing and manipulation of plant tissues

how do you accomplish plant tissue culture?

transferring a small tissue sample (explant) or even isolated cells to growth media under conditions that encourage formation of a (callus,) which is a mass of undifferentiated cells that forms as a normal part of the plant wound response

What is micropropagatiotn?

the practice of producing a multitude of new plants from a single callus via plant tissue culture.

What is histology?

the study of tissues in thin section.

what are the 5 main steps of histology?

fix, process, section, stain, mount

what is the fix step?

put the specimen in a permanent unchanging state, usually by chemical treatment with a fixative such as formalin (formaldehyde).

what is the process step?

dehydrate clear embedded
dehydrating the tissue using hygroscopic chemicals (frequently ethanol), treating the tissue with clearing agents that displace the dehydrate, and finally embedding the tissue in a medium such as paraffin or plastic resin

what is embedding?

first infiltrating and then encasing the tissue with the embedding medium to produce a rigid and fully structurally supported sample (i.e., holding everything physically in place so it doesn't squash and deform).

what is section step?

slice ultrathin

what is the stain step?

selectively color

what is the mount step?

secure to slide

how sponges eat

onges pass water through their bodies in a process known as filter-feeding. Water is drawn into the sponge through tiny holes called incurrent pores.

Fungi

mushroom, lichens, yeast, moles

typical monocot leaf

typical dicot leaf

tilia stem

typical herbaceous dicot stem

epidermis: the outer layer of cells in the stem
Cortex: supportive collenchyma cells
vascular bundle: rings in dicot stems and contain transport tissue include the phloem, cambium, xylem and supportive sclerenchyma fiber cells.
phloem: transports synthesized food from the leaves to the rest of the plants.
xylem: conducts water and dissolved minerals through the stems to the leaves.
the cambium: located in the little white circles right below the phloem.
it is a non conclusive layer of cells between the xylem and phloem that contributes to secondary growth in the woody dicots
pith: the soft inner portion of the stem is composed of a thin walled parenchyma cells called the pith

typical monocot stem

Epidermis: the outer layer of the stem
sclerenchyma cells: beneath the epidermis are thick walled cells that provide support for the stem.
Vascular bundles: are scattered throughout the monocot stem and contain xylem and phloem within the bundle.
xylem : translocation of food, water, and minerals through the stem to the upper parts of the plants.
supportive sclerenchyma cells:outline the vascular bundles and no vascular cambium is present.
phloem: provides a passageway for the transport of nutrients produced during photosynthesis to the rest of the plant.
parenchyma cells: the soft inner portion of the stem is composed of thin wall

typical dicot root

Typical Monocot Roots

porifera

sponges, no symmetry, germ layers, coelom, digestion is cell dependent

porifera pt 2

fresh water and marine, simplest of all animals, asymmetrical, no systems for repro, digestion, respiration, sensory, extortion

gastropoda

shells, snails, and slugs.
typically have a large foot with a flat sole for crawling, a single coiled shell that covers the soft body, and a head that bears a pair of eyes and tentacles. However, they are so diverse that some forms lack shells, while animals in one genus have shells with two halves, like bivalves.

Bilalvia

possessing two shells secreted by a mantle that extends in a sheet on either side of the body. The oldest part of the shell, the umbo, can be recognized as a large hump on the anterior end of the dorsal side of each shell.

Agaricus bisporus

mushroom

monocot plant

Flower parts in multiples of three, marked by seeds with a single cotyledon, parallel-veined leaves, Stem vascular bundles scattered, Roots are adventitious

dicot plant

their vascular structures form net-like veins, instead of parallel ones, Flower parts in multiples of four or five, Stem vascular bundles in a ring, Roots develop from radicle

fern

non flowering, hat possess true roots, stems, and complex leaves and that reproduce by spores. gynosperms

dicot leaf epidermis

Dicot leaf has a thin layer of cuticle on both the upper and lower epidermis, whereas monocot leaf has thick cuticle on the upper epidermis and thin on the lower epidermis

monocot vs dicot

phylum porifera

Sponges are sessile filter feeders that use flagellated cells called choanocytes

what are examples of phylum porifera?

Sponges

what are phylum rotifera?

aquatic animals that capture food via a (trochal disk), which is a ring of cilia surrounding their mouth.

what is an example of phylum rotifera

rotifers

What are Phylum Platyhelminthes?

known as flatworms. can be segmented or unsegmented.

no circularly system

what are examples of Phylum Platyhelminthes

tapeworm and flatworms, planaria

what are Phylum Annelida

segmented worms that are not flat.