CLINICAL EXAM - brain stem SDL

what are components of the brain stem?

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

What are the functions of the brain stem?

Cardiovascular system- controlled by the medulla oblongata.

Respiration- medulla oblongata.

Pain sensitivity- midbrain.

Alertness, awareness, consciousness- pons.

what are causes of brain stem disease?

Haemorrhage - escape of blood from a ruptured vessel

Tumours

Ischaemia - restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen needed for cellular metabolism.

Stroke

what are the 4 types of brain haemorrhage?

Subdural

- collection of blood gathers between inner layer of dura mater and arachnoid mater

Extradural

- bleeding occurs between the dura mater and the skull

Subarachnoid

- bleeding into the subarachnoid space

Intracerebral

- intracranial bleed that occurs within the brain tissue or ventricles, caused by hypertension, or head trauma.

how is a stroke caused?

caused by poor blood flow to the brain, resulting in cell death

2 main types;

- ischemic - due to lack of blood flow, e.g a blockage

- haemorrhagic - due to bleeding

what is vestibular disease?

sudden non-progressive disturbance of balance

2 types - peripheral and central

what is peripheral vestibular disease?

outside the CNS

lesions in the vestibular portion of cranial nerve VIII

what is central vestibular disease?

Inside the CNS, the brainstem

lesions in the vestibular nuclei in the medulla oblongata

what is the structure of the brainstem?

white matter with bits of gray matter scattered through it

connection between the cerebral hemispheres with the medulla and the cerebellum.

what is the structure and function of the midbrain? (mesencephalon)

involved in vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal and temperature regulation.

Caudally joins the pons and rostrally it adjoins the diencephalon (thalamus,hypothalamus, etc.).

what is superior colliculus?

a structure in the midbrain that control of eye movements

what is the red nucleus?

midbrain structure involved in coordination of muscle contractions

what is the structure and function of the pons?

Arousal, controlling autonomic functions, relaying sensory information between the cerebrum and cerebellum, a sleep centre- dreams

Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?

medulla oblongata

Which is NOT a part of the brainstem?

A) medulla oblongata

B) midbrain

C) pons

D) thalamus

thalamus

Which of the following brain regions does NOT belong with the others?

A) medulla oblongata

B) midbrain

C) pons

D) thalamus

thalamus

What are the enlargements on the medulla oblongata that are involved in conscious skeletal muscle control?

pyramids

Which of the following serves as a motor center that is involved in maintaining muscle tone and coordinating movements?

A) inferior olivary nucleus

B) red nucleus

C) substantia nigra

D) suprachaismatic nucleus

c. substantia nigra

Because of injuries received in an automobile accident, a young man remains hospitalized in a coma. It is likely the injuries affected his

A) amygdala.

B) hippocampus.

C) limbic system.

D) reticular formation

D. reticular formation

Another term for "midbrain" is

A) pons.

B) mesencephalon.

C) cerebrum.

D) cerebellum.

mesencephalon

The _________ is the most-specific part of the midbrain that is an integral part of the auditory pathway.

A) corpora quadrigemina

B) superior colliculi

C) inferior colliculi

D) tectum

c. inferior colliculi

Which of the following is NOT one of the three large nerve tracts connecting the cerebellum to the rest of the central nervous system?

A) superior cerebellar peduncles

B) middle cerebellar peduncles

C) inferior cerebellar peduncles

D) anterior cerebellar peduncles

anterior cerebellar peduncles

Cerebral cortex ridges are called

folia

The simplest part of the cerebellum is (are) the

flocculonodular lobe

Which of the following is (are) NOT a major part of the cerebellum?

A) tegmentum

B) flocculonodular lobe

C) vermis

D) lateral hemispheres

tegmentum

Which of the following is the largest feature of the diencephalon?

A) thalamus

B) subthalamus

C) epithalamus

D) hypothalamus

thalamus

The small stalk connecting the two lateral portions of the thalamus is known as the

A) interthalamic adhesion

B) intermediate mass

C) Both A and B.

D) Neither A nor B.

C. Both A and B.

Axons carrying auditory information synapse in the

A) medial geniculate nucleus

B) lateral geniculate nucleus

C) ventral geniculate nucleus

D) None of the above.

medial geniculate nucleus

Axons carrying visual information synapse in the

A) medial geniculate nucleus

B) lateral geniculate nucleus

C) ventral geniculate nucleus

D) None of the above.

B) lateral geniculate nucleus

Axons carrying information other than visual or auditory information synapse in the

A) medial geniculate nucleus

B) lateral geniculate nucleus

C) ventral geniculate nucleus

D) None of the above.

C) ventral geniculate nucleus

Which of the following is NOT a part of the diencephalons?

A) hypothalamus

B) pineal gland

C) pons

D) thalamus

pons