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Alkanes
A class of saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2, containing only C–C and C–H single bonds.
Isomers
Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structures.
Constitutional Isomers
Isomers that differ in the connections between atoms, such as butane and isobutane.
Functional Groups
Groups of atoms within a larger molecule that have characteristic chemical reactivity.
Torsional Strain
The extra energy present in eclipsed conformations due to the repulsive interactions between bonding orbitals.
Branched-Chain Alkanes
Alkanes where the carbon atoms are arranged in a branched fashion rather than a continuous chain.
Straight-Chain Alkanes
Alkanes with all carbon atoms connected in a row.
Staggered Conformation
A conformation where the bonds in a molecule are as far apart as possible, reducing energy.
Eclipsed Conformation
A conformation where bonds are as close as possible, resulting in higher energy due to torsional strain.
Newman Projections
A method of visualizing the spatial orientation of a molecule by looking along a carbon-carbon bond.
Alkyl Groups
Partial structures that result from removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane, used as substituents in larger compounds.
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom, with only single bonds.
Dispersion Forces
Weak intermolecular forces between molecules that increase with molecular size and affect melting and boiling points.
Alcohol
Organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups, which are derived from hydrocarbons.
Aldehyde
Organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to at least one hydrogen atom, typically represented by the formula RCHO, where R is a hydrocarbon group.
Aliphatic
A type of organic compound characterized by straight or branched-chain structures, which can be saturated (alkanes) or unsaturated (alkenes and alkynes).
Alkene
A class of unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C), with the general formula CnH2n.
Alkyl Halide
Organic compounds containing a carbon atom bonded to a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I). They are derived from alkanes by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with halogen atoms.
Alkyne
A class of unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (C≡C), with the general formula CnH2n-2.
Amide
A functional group characterized by a carbonyl group (C=O) directly attached to a nitrogen atom (N). Amides are derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the -OH group with an -NH2 (or similar) group.
Amine
Organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more alkyl groups. Can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on how many carbon groups are attached to the nitrogen.
Anti Conformation
A conformation in which substituents on a carbon-carbon bond are positioned 180 degrees apart, resulting in the lowest steric strain.
Arene
A class of cyclic hydrocarbons that contain one or more aromatic rings, characterized by alternating double bonds and stabilized by delocalized π-electrons.
Carbonyl Group
A functional group characterized by a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O), found in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amides.
Carboxylic Acid
Organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group (-COOH), which consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the same carbon atom.
Conformation
The specific three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule, resulting from rotation about single bonds.
Conformational Isomer
Isomers that differ in the arrangement of atoms and their spatial orientation due to rotation about single bonds.
Conformer
Different spatial orientations of a molecule that can be interconverted by rotating around single bonds.
Ester
Organic compounds formed from the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, characterized by a carbonyl group (C=O) adjacent to an ether (-O-) group.
Ether
Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl, with the general formula R-O-R'.
Gauche Conformation
A conformation in which two substituents on a carbon-carbon bond are positioned 60 degrees apart, resulting in increased steric strain.
Hydrocarbon
Organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms, which can be saturated or unsaturated.
Ketone
Organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms, typically represented by the formula R1-CO-R2.
Nitrile
Organic compounds that contain a cyano group (-C≡N), characterized by a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom.
R Group
A variable group in organic chemistry that represents a hydrocarbon or functional group attached to a molecule's core structure.
Saturated
Refers to organic compounds that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom, with only single bonds present.
Sawhorse Representation
A three-dimensional representation of a molecule that allows visualization of the spatial arrangement of atoms by depicting the conformation along a carbon-carbon bond.
Stereochemistry
The study of the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules and their effects on the chemical and physical properties.
Steric Strain
The increase in energy that occurs when atoms in a molecule are forced closer together than their natural distances, often due to large substituents.
