Final Exam

Describe a proton

In the nucleus, positively charged

Electron

orbiting the nucleus, negative

Neutron

Nucleus, neutral

List the bonds from weakest to strongest

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

What bonds a covalent bond?

shared electrons

What bonds an ionic bond?

opposite charges attract

What bonds a hydrogen bond?

Partial opposite charges attract

High Ph

More H+ less OH-

Low Ph

less H+ more OH-

Dehydration reaction

Builds polymers

Hydrolysis reaction

breaks apart polymers

What is carbohydrates monomer?

Simple sugar (glucose

Monomer of protien?

Amino Acid

Monomer of Lipid?

Glycerol and three fatty acids

Nucleic Acid

Nucleotide

Primary Structure

Sequence of amino acids

Secondary Structure

Hydrogen bonding between amino acids

Alpha

Helix

B (beta)

sheet

Teritiary Structure

Protein folds into three-dimensional structure; R group forms bonds

Quaternary Structure

Multiple tertiary structures combined

What is denaturation?

Unraveling of a protein due to extreme Ph or high heat

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Osmosis

Movement of water across a membrane ; from low to high

Hypertonic

Cause cells to burst/lyse

hypertonic

cells shrivel

isotonic

equal solutes

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

ribosomes – proteins made here

Smooth ER

phospholipids and other lipids

Nucleus

store genetic information as
long chains of DNA

Ribosomes

proteins

Golgi Apparatus

processing, packaging, and secretion

Lysosomes

enzymes to break down foreign matter

Aerobic

: Requires oxygen

Anaerobic:

Does not require oxygen

Where does Glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

Where does Pyruvate oxidation occur?

matric of mitochondria

What does oxygen do in cellular respiration?

accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

Prophase

- Nuclear envelope dissolves
- Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes

Prometaphase

Spindle fibers attach to centromeres

Metaphase

• Chromosomes are aligned at the cell’s equator

Anaphase

• Sister chromatids are pulled
apart by spindle fibers

Telophase

Chromosomes at poles of cells

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm pinches off to form
2 identical daughter cells

Crossing over

Exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes
Occurs during prophase I of Meiosis I

Independent Assortment

- Homologous pairs align independently at the equator, i.e., there is no specific order in which they line up
- Occurs during metaphase I of Meiosis I

Characteristcs of Cancer cells

non-specialized, enlarged nuclei, abnormal number of chromosomes, no apoptosis

Lack contact inhibition

Cancer cells form tumors

Angiogenesis

Migrate to other parts of body

Radiation

localized cancerC

Chemotherapy

Body wide metastasized cancer

Polygenic traits

governed by specific sets of alleles

Multifactorial

traits are subject to environmental influences

Pleiotrophy

occurs when a single mutant gene affects two or more unrelated traits exp: down syndrome

How many stands does dna have?

2H

How many strands does Rna have?

1

What type of sugar does dna use?

Deocyribose

What type of sugar does rna use?

Ribose

What bases does DNA have?

ATCG

What bases does Rna have?

AUCG

Product of Dna replication-

DNA

Product of dna transcription?

mRNA

Translation of mRNA turns into-

Protein

Axon terminal -

End of the neuron where signal is relayed

Cell Body:

Contains the nucleus and other organelles

Dendrites:

Receive signals from sensory receptors or other neurons

Axon:

Conducts signal down neuron

Corpus Callosum:

Extensive bridge of nerves that allow
the two cerebral hemispheres to communicate

Cerebral Cortex:

Outer layer of gray matter that covers
the hemispheres, accounts for sensation, voluntary movement and consciousness

Cerebellum:

Receives sensory input from the eyes, ears, joints and muscles to help maintain posture and balance

Hypothalamus:

Maintains homeostasis, regulates hunger,
sleep, thirst, body temperature and water balance

Medulla Oblongata:

Contains reflex centers for regulating
heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, vomiting, coughing,
sneezing and swallowing.

Sympathetic:

excitement, emergency

Parasympathetic:

rest, digestion

Chemoreceptor

Chemical substance (taste smell)

Photoreceptor

Respond to light, sight

Mechanoreceptor

Hearing, touch

Thermoreceptor

Touch R

Rods

White light C

Cones

color

Negative feedback

opposite of simulus P

Positive feedback

effect is the same as the stimulus

Skeletal muscle

Tubular, voluntary, striated, multple nuclei

Smooth muscle

Spindle , non striated, involuntary

Cardiac

Tubular, striated, single nucleus,

Action potential - skelatal muscle

Motor neuron secretes acetylcholine.

Action potential on cell surface to interior

Travels through T tubule which triggers release of calcium through sarcoplasmic reticulum,

Smaller motor unit

fine control

Larger motor unit

less fine control

Preferred energy source for muscles

Glycogen

Mechanical digestion

chewing CH

Chemical digestion

food broken down by enzymes

What does pepsin break down?

Proteins, stomach

What does amylase break down?

Starch, mouth, pancreas

What does trypsin break down?

Protiens from pancreas

What does Pancreatic juice contain?

Sodium bicarbonate, pancreatic amylase, trypsin, pancreatic lipase

Why is the pancreas an endocrine gland?

Because it releases insulin and glucagon

Large intestine function

Absorb water

Pulmonary surfacant function

Lowers surface tension in alveoli to prevent collapse

What order does blood travel through veins?

Arteris, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins