AP Human Geography Unit 4 Vocab Flashcards

electoral geography

a sub field of political geography that analyzes the geography of political preferences and how geography can shape voting outcomes

voting district

a territorial division for casting votes in public elections; generally, only those who live in the voting district are permitted to cast their votes there.

electoral college

a body of 538 electors in the united states; a majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the president; a states number of electors equals the numbers of members in its congressional delegation

reapportionment

the process by which the 435 seats in the US house of representatives are divided pro-proportionality by population among the 50 states following the US census.

redistricting

the process of drawing new boundaries for u.s congressional districts to reflect the population changes since the us census

gerrymandering

the manipulation of voting district boundaries to favor a particular political party, group or election outcome.

packing

gerrymandering a voting district by concentrating all of the opposition party into one district, thereby creating a large majority

cracking

gerrymandering a voting district by dividing opposition votes into many districts, thus diluting the oppositions vote to ensure it does not form a majority in any district.

sub-national units

the smaller areas into which a larger state is divided.

unitary state

an independent state that concentrates power in the central government and grants little to no authority to its sub national units.

federal state

an independent country that disperses significant authority among subnational units.

irredentism

the political claim to territory in another country based on ethnic affiliations and historic borders

terrorism

the calculated use of violent acts against civilians and symbolic targets to publicize a cause, intimidate or coerce a civilian population, or affect the conduct of the government.

international terrorism

terrorism that transcends national boundaries and is intended to intimidate people in other countries.

domestic terrorism

acts by individuals or groups against the citizens or government of their own country

state terrorism

terrorism committed by by government agents who’s leaders have ordered them to murder, imprison, or force into exile perceived enemies of the state.

subnational terrorism

terrorism committed by nongovernment groups that feel wronged by their government.

ETA

basque separatist organization in spain, used terrorism in its campaign for an independent basque state.

democratization

occurs when a sovereign state moved from a non - democracy to a democracy

supranationalism

occurs when a collection of nation - states and their citizens relinquish some sovereign right to a larger-scale body that exercised authority over its member states.

supranational organization

international political body that nation-states establish in cooperation with their neighbors for mutual, political, economic or cultural gain.

united nations (UN)

International organization that is responsible for maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation and harmonizing the actions of nations.

european union (EU)

a political, economic and social union of 28 independent european countries that promotes the free movement of people, goods, services and capital amongst its members.

african union ( AU)

a continental organization of African states that seeks to drive africa’s growth and economic development through cooperation and integration of member states.

Arctic Council

an international government forum that promotes interaction among the arctic states and indigenous communities on common arctic issues, particularly sustainable development and environmental protection

regional trading block

a multi-country agreement that reduces or eliminates taxes to promote the free flow of goods and services across international borders.

economics of scale

cost advantages that can come with a larger scale of operations.

North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA-USMCA)

a 1994 trade agreement between canada, the united states and mexico; revised as a the US-MX-CA agreement ( USMCA) in 2020.

association of southeast asian nations ( ASEAN)

a regional intergovernmental organization compromising of 10 countries in southeast asia to promote intergovernmental cooperation and facilitate economic growth, social progress & cultural development in the region.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

an intergovernmental military alliance among 29 North American & European countries with the purpose of guaranteeing the freedom and securing of its members.

failed state

a state who’s political or economic system has become so weak that the government is no longer in control.

uneven development

occurs when core states have advanced economies and a high standard of living while peripheral states have relatively little industrial development, simple production systems based on raw materials & low levels of consumption

allegiance

loyalty or commitment to a country

equitable instructor

the construction and improvement of foundational services such as access to energy resources throughout the country

cultural cohesion

cultural unity; occurs when the members of a society are culturally united.

iconography

a set of individual symbols or symbolic forms associated with the country and its citizens.