AP World History Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections

Coercive Labor System

Labor system that was agreed to mutually by both worker and landowner.

Hacienda System

System that used coerced labor to farm the land in Mexico.

Mit'a System

System where Inca boys were sent to work on public projects or the mines for silver excavation.

Middle Passage

Name for the period of time a slave would endure from Africa to the New World.

Asante Empire & Kingdom of the Kongo

Interacted with European merchants like the Portuguese that developed wealth and greater power for the two kingdoms.

Ming Dynasty

Following the voyages of Zheng He, this political power became isolationist by restricting trade with the outside world.

Aztec Empire

Empire in Mexico that was destroyed by Hernan Cortes in 1521 due to the Columbian Exchange.

Inca Empire

Empire in South American that was destroyed by Francisco Pizzaro in 1572.

New Spain

The name of the Spanish colony established in Mexico after the conquest of the Aztec Empire.

Mexico City

Capital of the colony of New Spain built on the destroyed city of Tenochtitlan.

Francisco Pizarro

Responsible for the destruction of the Inca Empire.

Atahualpa

Ruler of the Inca Empire at the time of first contact with Europeans.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Document that was signed in 1494 by the Portuguese and Spanish that established a boundary along the 37th parallel in South America. West of the line would be controlled by Spain, East of the line would be controlled by Portugal.

Hispaniola

Colony established by the Spanish that was used to develop the sugar cane industry.

Silver

Natural resource that was discovered in Mexico and Peru that revived the Spanish economy.

Colonies

Claimed lands settled by immigrants from the home country.

Indentured Servitude

Free people who entered into a contract with a wealthy individual who would pay that person's way to the New World. In exchange, the person would work for an extended period of time to work off the debt.

Chattel Slavery

System where individuals were seen as property that would be bought and sold at auction.

Encomienda

System in which indiginous peoples of Mexico worked for Spaniards to gain access to natural resources in exchange for food and shelter.

Encomenderos

Landowners of the encomienda system.

Mehmed II

Responsible for the conquest of Constantinople and the religious tolerance that led to increased Christian and Jewish populations.

Akbar the Great

Ended the jizya tax established further religious tolerance by granting land to Kindus, money for a Catholic church and supported Sikhism.

Roxelana

Part of Suleiman's harem, but ended up becoming powerful and influenced by ushering in public works.

Qing Dynasty

Ruling group of people who were Manchu in China from 1644 to 1912.

Manchu

Those in power during the Qing Dynasty.

Li Chengdong

Han defector who carried out massacres on behalf of the Manchu government.

Liu Liangzuo

Massacred the entire population of Jiangyin on behalf of the Manchu government.

Louis XIV

King of France who used absolutism as a way to rule and maintain power.

Ivan IV

Responsible for limiting the power of the Boyars to maintain power.

Timar

System in which people who found favor with Mehmed II were granted payment through taxation.

Harem

Group of women who were either wives or concubines of the sultan.

Boyar

The nobility in Russia.

Nobility

Aristocracy, usually seen as the second highest class in European society.

Serf

Peasants who worked the land in exchange for food and protection.

Peninsular

Native Spaniards in New Spain who held the most power.

criollo

Those with European ancestry but were born in New Spain. Held a large amount of power.

Castas

People of mixed-race ancestry.

Mestizos

Mixed with European and indigenous ancestry at the top of the casta system.

Mulattos

Mixed with European and African ancestry in the second spot in the casta system.

Zambos

Mixed with indigenous and African ancestry and at the bottom of the casta system.

Barbary Pirates

Group of people located along North Africa who captured European slaves and sold them to Islamic Empires.

Impressed

Forced into slavery.

Queues

Typical manner in which Han ethnic males were required to wear their hair as a form of submission.

Sephardic Jew

Jews whose heritage was from Spain.

Ashkenzai Jew

Jews whose heritage was from central and eastern Europe.

Smallpox

Pathogen spread during the Columbian Exchange the dramatically decreased the Native population.

Horse

A beast of burden animal that would help Native groups with transportation and hunting.

Conquistadors

Another name for Spanish soldiers like Francisco Pizarro and Hernan Cortes.

Maize

Native American name for corn that was spread from the Western Hemisphere to the Eastern Hemisphere.

Cacao

A good that would be used to develop chocolate that spread from the Western Hemisphere to the Eastern Hemisphere.

Okra

A food stuff brought by African slaves.

Rice

A food stuff brought by African slaves.

Sugarcane

A cash crop that was suited for the tropical climates of the Caribbean.

Creole

Language that was created by the blending of African language and other European languages.

Gumbo

Popular dish that was developed in the southern part of the United States that reinforced African cooking traditions.

The spread of ideas, cultures, goods, etc. from Europe and the Americas.

Transatlantic slave trade

The system of slavery that brought slaves from Africa to the New World.

engenhos

The name of the sugar plantations that instituted horrid conditions that reinforced the continued reliance on slavery in the Caribbean.

Cash crops

The name of a crop that has the sole purpose of making money. Examples include tobacco and sugar cane.

African Diaspora

The dispersion of Africans out of African, which allowed the culture to spread.

Mercantilism

This concept is the idea that colonies are meant to benefit the "mother country" in an effort to have more precious metals like gold and silver coming in the country instead of exporting.

Trading Post Empire

Describes a type of empire based on small outposts rather than the control over large areas of land

Manila

Center of trade in the Indian Ocean Trade Route for the Spanish.

Prince Henry the Navigator

European monarch from Portugal who sponsored expeditions to find new sea routes to the east and established the practice of slave trade via sea routes.

Galleons

Type of ships used by the Spanish in the Indian Ocean Trade Route.

Christopher Columbus

Commissioned by the Spanish and is credited with discovering the New World.

Bartholomew Diaz

Sailed around the southern tip of Africa, known as the Cape of Good Hope, but returned home due to concerns about a mutiny.

Vasco de Gama

Sailed past the Cape of Good Hope and reached India, claiming it for Portugal. This has been credited as the expansion of Portugal into the Indian Ocean Trade Route.

Ferdinand Magellan

Died while voyaging, but one of his ships is credited as the first to circumnavigate the earth.

Northwest Passage

This was the name of the unfound route that would allow Europeans to travel through or around North America in an effort to reach East Asia.

Jacques Cartier

Explorer for the French who did not find a new route, but established seasonal outposts where the French developed positive relationships with the natives through the fur trade.

Samuel de Champlain

Another French explorer who helped discover the rich fur and fish trade in modern day Canada.

John Cabot

Commissioned by the King of England to find the Northwest Passage and claimed lands from Newfoundland to the Chesapeake Bay.

Henry Hudson

Commissioned by the Dutch to explore the East Coast of North America, but claimed an area called New Amsterdam

Quebec

Colony established by the French in the New World. This attracted fur traders and priests to spread Christianity.

New France

The name of the entire territory claimed by France in the New World.

Jamestown

The first permanent colony established by the English. It was unsuccessful to begin with because of the lack of gold in the area, however, the introduction of tobacco by John Rolfe allowed the colony to develop economically.

New Amsterdam

Colony established by the Dutch who traded for cash crops like tobacco and sent them to the Netherlands. In exchange, the colony received manufactured goods that would then be resold to other European colonists.

Capital

Material wealth that would be used to produce more wealth.

Commercial Revolution

The transition from a trade-based economy to using gold and silver.

Price Revolution

The high rate of inflation and in addition, the increase of the price of goods.

Joint-stock company

Businesses that are owned by investors who bought shares in an effort to make money off of exploration.

Limited Liability

The idea that an investor is not responsible for a company's debt or other issues beyond the investment originally made.

East India Company

British owned company joint-stock company that provided people with access to luxury goods

Dutch East India Company

An example of a joint stock company established by the Dutch.

Triangular Trade

System of trade where raw goods from the colonies in the Americas to the mother countries in Europe. In Europe, these raw goods would be turned into manufactured goods and sent to Africa for slaves. Slaves would then be sold to the New World.

Monopoly

Having absolute control over a good or item.

Syncretism

The blending of beliefs.

Polygyny

The taking of more than one wife.

creoles

Of Spanish origin, but born in the Americas; enjoyed political dominance in New Spain.

Santeria

Native African faith that means "the way of the saints".

Vodun

Meaning "spirit" or "deity", this belief orignated from the Dahomey, Kongo, and Yoruba peoples and was spread to modern day Haiti.

Viceroys

Appointed officials in the Spanish Empire who were administrators and representatives for the crown.

Primogeniture Laws

System of rules that established inheritance rights to only the first-born male in Europe.

Omani-European Rivalry

As Europeans entered the Indian Ocean Trade Routes, disputes began between the likes of Middle Eastern nations like Oman and European countries like Portugal.

Cartography

The art of map-making and developing knowledge of wind patterns for improved navigation.

Astronomical Chart

Developed as a way to map the stars and galaxies as a way to help with navigation.

Maritime Empires

This describes empires who developed, expanded, and maintained control through the use of naval technology.

Carrack

Primarily used by Portugal with the main purpose of trading.