ITM 100 Class 10 (2.2 Continuation) Key Terms 2025/2026

affinity bias

A tendency to connect with, hire, and promote those with similar interests, experiences, or backgrounds.

algorithm

Mathematical formula placed in software that performs analytics on a dataset. Algorithms are step-by-step procedures or rules for solving a problem or accomplishing a particular task.

artificial intelligence (AI)

Simulates human intelligence such as the ability to reason and learn, focusing on three cognitive skills: learning, reasoning, and self-correction.

bias

A disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair.

black box algorithm

A decision-making process that cannot be easily understood or explained by the computer or the researcher.

bottleneck

Occurs when resources reach full capacity and cannot handle any additional demands; it limits throughput and impedes operations.

business process reengineering (BPR)

The analysis and redesign of workflow within and between enterprises.

computer vision

Refers to the development of algorithms that can interpret and analyze visual information, including images and videos.

confirmation bias

Actively looking for evidence that backs up preconceived ideas about someone.

conformity bias

Acting similarly, or conforming to those around you, regardless of your own views.

data augmentation

Occurs when adding additional training examples by transforming existing examples.

deep learning

A process that employs specialized algorithms to model and study complex datasets; the method is also used to establish relationships among data and datasets.

digital transformation

The process of using digital technologies to fundamentally transform business processes, operations, and customer experiences.

expert system

Computerized advisory programs that imitate the reasoning processes of experts in solving difficult problems.

fuzzy logic

A mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information.

Generalized AI

Refers to AI systems that possess human-level intelligence and are capable of understanding, learning, and performing any intellectual task a human being can do.

genetic algorithm

An artificial intelligence system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem.

machine learning

A type of artificial intelligence that enables computers to understand concepts in the environment and learn.

managerial business process

Semidynamic, semiroutine, monthly business processes such as resource allocation, sales strategy, or manufacturing process improvements.

measurement bias

Occurs when there is a problem with the data collected skewing the data in one direction.

name bias

The tendency to prefer certain types of names.

natural language processing (NLP)

Refers to the development of algorithms that can analyze and understand human language, including text and speech.

neural network

A category of AI that attempts to emulate the way the human brain works.

overfitting

Occurs when a machine learning model matches the training data so closely that the model fails to make correct predictions on new data.

prejudice bias

A result of training data that is influenced by cultural or other stereotypes.

redundancy

Occurs when a task or activity is unnecessarily repeated.

robotic process automation (RPA)

The use of software with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning capabilities to handle high-volume, repeatable tasks that previously required a human to perform.

robotics

Focuses on creating artificial intelligence devices that can move and react to sensory input.

sample bias

A problem with using incorrect training data to train the machine.

strategic business process

Dynamic, nonroutine, long-term business process such as financial planning, expansion strategies, and stakeholder interactions.

streamlining

Improves business process efficiencies, simplifying or eliminating unnecessary steps.

strong AI

A type of artificial intelligence that has the ability to perform any intellectual task that a human can perform.

underfitting

Occurs when a machine learning model has poor predictive abilities because it did not learn the complexity in the training data.

variance bias

A mathematical property of an algorithm.

weak AI

A type of artificial intelligence that simulates human reasoning and is designed to perform a specific task with a dedicated purpose.