Unit 7 and 8 Vocabulary Words

Turkification

A policy of cultural assimilation that aimed to make all citizens of the Ottoman Empire identify as Turkish, often at the expense of minority cultures and languages.

Bolshevik

A member of the radical socialist group led by Vladimir Lenin that seized power in the Russian Revolution of 1917 and later became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Communists

People who support a political ideology advocating for a classless society, collective ownership of production, and government control of the economy.

Young Turks

A reformist and nationalist group in the late Ottoman Empire that sought modernization and political change, playing a major role in the 1908 Revolution.

Mexican Revolution

A major armed struggle (1910-1920) against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, leading to political and social reforms in Mexico.

Institutional Revolutionary Party(IRP)

A dominant political party in Mexico for much of the 20th century, known for stabilizing the country after the Mexican Revolution but also for authoritarian practices.

Sun Yat-sen

The founding father of the Republic of China who promoted nationalism, democracy, and economic security through his Three Principles of the People.

Kemal Ataturk

founder and first president of modern Turkey, who implemented secular and modernization reforms.

Porfirio diaz

A Mexican dictator who ruled for over 30 years, promoting economic growth but suppressing opposition, leading to the Mexican Revolution.

Francisco Madero

A leader in the Mexican Revolution who opposed Díaz and briefly became president before being overthrown and assassinated.

Fransisco "Pancho" Villa

A revolutionary leader in northern Mexico known for his guerrilla tactics and opposition to both Díaz and later governments.

Emiliano Zapata

A Mexican revolutionary leader advocating for land reform and peasant rights, famously saying, "Land and Liberty!"

Great War I(WWI)

A global conflict from 1914 to 1918 involving major world powers, leading to massive casualties and the Treaty of Versailles.

Gavroli Princip

The Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, sparking World War I.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination led to the outbreak of World War I.

Triple Entente

A military alliance before WWI consisting of France, Russia, and Britain.

Allies (WWI)

The coalition of countries including Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and later the U.S. that fought against the Central Powers in WWI.

Triple Alliance

A pre-WWI alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

Central Powers

The WWI alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

Black Hand

A Serbian nationalist group responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Militarism

The belief in maintaining a strong military and being prepared to use it aggressively to achieve national goals.

Secret Alliances

Hidden agreements between countries promising mutual defense, contributing to WWI's outbreak.

Self-determination

The right of people to choose their own government and sovereignty, often associated with post-WWI national movements.

Conscription

Mandatory military service, often referred to as "the draft."

Stalemate

A situation in war where neither side can gain a decisive advantage, as seen in WWI trench warfare

Propaganda

Information, often biased, used to influence public opinion and support a political cause or war effort.

Global War

A war that involves multiple nations across different continents, like WWI and WWII.

Reparations

Payments required from a defeated country to compensate for war damages, such as those imposed on Germany after WWI.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, influencing the U.S. to join WWI.

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret message from Germany to Mexico, proposing an alliance against the U.S., which led to America's entry into WWI.

Total War

A war strategy where nations mobilize all available resources, including civilians, for the war effort.

ANZAC

The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, which fought at Gallipoli during WWI.

Gallipoli

A failed Allied campaign in WWI to secure a route to Russia through the Ottoman Empire.

Paris Peace Conference

The post-WWI meeting where the Treaty of Versailles was drafted, setting harsh penalties for Germany

Big Four

The leaders of the U.S., Britain, France, and Italy who dominated the Paris Peace Conference.

Fourteen Points

President Wilson's post-WWI peace plan promoting self-determination and the League of Nations.

League of Nations

An international organization formed after WWI to promote peace, but it lacked enforcement power.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty that ended WWI, imposing heavy penalties on Germany.

Weimar Republic

Germany's democratic government after WWI, later overthrown by the Nazis.

Trench Warfare

A form of combat where soldiers fight from long, dug-out trenches, leading to high casualties and stalemates.

Poison Gas

A deadly chemical weapon used in WWI, causing blindness, burns, and death.

Machines Guns

Rapid-fire weapons that changed warfare, making trench assaults deadly.

Submarines (U-boats)

German submarines used to attack Allied ships in WWI.

Airplanes

A new technology in WWI used for reconnaissance and later for combat.

Tanks

Armored vehicles introduced in WWI to break through enemy lines.

All Quiet on the Western Front

A novel depicting the horrors of WWI from a German soldier's perspective.

Inflation

A rise in prices and decline in currency value, often occurring after wars

defict spending

Government spending more money than it collects in revenue, often to stimulate the economy.

Great Depression

A severe global economic crisis in the 1930s.

New Deal

Franklin D. Roosevelt's programs to combat the Great Depression.

Fasicm

A political ideology emphasizing nationalism, dictatorship, and militarism, as seen in Nazi Germany and Mussolini's Italy.

Decolonization

The process by which colonies gained independence from imperial powers, especially after World War II.

Mandate system

A system established by the League of Nations where victorious powers governed former German and Ottoman territories until they were deemed ready for independence.

Balfour Declaration

A 1917 statement by Britain supporting a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, leading to tensions with Arab inhabitants.

Civil Disobedience

A nonviolent protest strategy used to resist unjust laws, famously employed by Mohandas Gandhi.

Big Three

The major Allied leaders during WWII—Winston Churchill (UK), Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA), and Joseph Stalin (USSR).

Mohandas Gandhi

A leader of India's independence movement known for nonviolent resistance and the concept of satyagraha (devotion to truth).

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

The leader of the Muslim League and the founding father of Pakistan.

Jawaharlal Nehru

India's first Prime Minister and a key leader in its independence movement.

Mao Zedong

The leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and founder of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

Chiang Kai-shek

The leader of China's nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) party who fought against the communists and later fled to Taiwan.

Pan-Arabism

A movement advocating for the political unity of Arab nations.

Indian National Congress

A major political party in India that led the struggle for independence from British rule.

Satyagraha(Devotion-to-Truth) Movement

Gandhi's principle of nonviolent resistance against British rule in India.

Salt March

A 1930 protest led by Gandhi against British salt taxes, symbolizing Indian resistance to colonial rule.

March First Movement

A 1919 Korean protest against Japanese rule, brutally suppressed by Japan.

May Fourth Movement

A 1919 Chinese nationalist protest against foreign interference, particularly over the Treaty of Versailles.

Chinese Communist Party(CCP)

The ruling party of China, founded in 1921, which fought against the Kuomintang in the Chinese Civil War.

Kuomintang (KMT)

The Chinese Nationalist Party that fought the CCP but was ultimately defeated in 1949.

Long March

A 6,000-mile retreat by Chinese communists, solidifying Mao Zedong's leadership.

Palestine

A region in the Middle East with a long history of conflict over Jewish and Arab claims to the land.

Pakistan

A country formed in 1947 as a Muslim state following the partition of India.

Amristar

The site of a 1919 massacre where British troops killed hundreds of Indian protesters.

Manchukuo

A puppet state set up by Japan in Manchuria during the 1930s.

Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japan's imperialist vision of an Asia controlled by and benefiting Japan during WWII.

Zionists

Supporters of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, leading to the establishment of Israel in 1948.

Mahatma

A title meaning "Great Soul," given to Gandhi for his leadership in India's independence movement.

Jomo Kenyatta

The first president of independent Kenya.

Leopold Sedar Senghor

A poet and the first president of Senegal, promoting African identity and independence.

Adolf Hitler

The dictator of Nazi Germany, responsible for WWII and the Holocaust.

Neville Chamberlain

The British Prime Minister known for his policy of appeasement toward Nazi Germany.

Weimar Republic

Germany's democratic government between WWI and Hitler's rise.

Sudetenland

A region of Czechoslovakia annexed by Hitler in 1938.

Danzig

A Polish port city that Hitler demanded before invading Poland in 1939.

Nuremberg Laws

Nazi laws discriminating against Jews, stripping them of citizenship.

Kristallnacht

A 1938 Nazi-led attack on Jewish businesses and synagogues.

Lebensraum

Hitler's policy of expanding German territory for "living space."

Anschluss

The Nazi annexation of Austria in 1938.

Munich Agreement

A 1938 deal allowing Hitler to take Sudetenland in exchange for peace.

Rome-Berlin Axis

The WWII alliance between Italy and Germany.

Anti-Comintern Pact

An anti-communist alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Axis Powers

The WWII alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

A 1939 agreement between Hitler and Stalin to avoid war with each other.

Blitzkrieg

Germany's "lightning war" tactic of rapid, overwhelming attacks.

Luftwaffe

The German Air Force in WWII.

D-Day

The Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France on June 6, 1944.

Battle of Stalingrad

A major Soviet victory over Nazi Germany, turning the tide of WWII.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Japanese cities destroyed by U.S. atomic bombs in August 1945, leading to Japan's surrender.

V-E Day

Victory in Europe Day, marking Germany's surrender on May 8, 1945.

V-J Day

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945