5.2 whap words

Declaration of Independence

A formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, declaring the thirteen American colonies' freedom and independence from Great Britain, based on Enlightenment ideals.

Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité

The motto of the French Revolution, embodying the ideals of "liberty, equality, and brotherhood" that inspired revolutionaries and subsequent nationalist movements.

Philosophes

Eighteenth-century French Enlightenment thinkers and social critics who advocated for reason, natural rights, and governmental reform, influencing revolutions in the Americas and France.

Bastille

A medieval fortress and prison in Paris that was stormed by revolutionaries on July 14, 1789; this event is considered the symbolic start of the French Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

A human and civil rights document from the French Revolution, adopted by the National Assembly in 1789, that was inspired by Enlightenment principles and became a core statement of individual liberty and democracy.

Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution (1793-1794) characterized by extreme violence and mass executions of "enemies of the revolution" by the Committee of Public Safety, a result of the revolution's radical turn.

Haiti

A French sugar colony in the Caribbean that became the site of the only successful slave revolt in history, leading to its establishment as the first independent Black republic in the Americas in 1804.

Maroons

Communities of escaped enslaved Africans who formed independent settlements in remote areas throughout the Americas, particularly in the Caribbean and Brazil, and resisted colonial authorities.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

An important leader of the Haitian Revolution who led the enslaved people to victory over the white and free colored populations, secured native control over the colony, and became the first leader of a free Haiti.

Creoles

In Spanish American colonies, they were people of European descent born in the Americas; they often owned land and businesses but resented the political dominance of peninsulares and Spanish mercantilism, leading many to lead independence movements.

Mestizos

Individuals of mixed European and indigenous ancestry in the Spanish colonies who generally had fewer rights and less wealth than creoles and peninsulares; many worked in mines or on estates.

Peninsulares

Colonists in Spanish America who were born in Spain (on the Iberian Peninsula); they held the highest positions in government and the Catholic Church.

Mulattoes

Individuals of mixed African and European descent in the Spanish colonies, part of the lower social hierarchy who also desired political power and wealth.

Simón Bolívar

A Venezuelan military and political leader (a creole) who was the key figure in the South American independence movement, leading several colonies to freedom from Spanish rule. His vision of a Gran Colombia was a unified South America.

Lola Rodríguez de Tió

A Puerto Rican poet, journalist, and political activist known for her eloquent critiques of Spain's colonial rule and her advocacy for the abolition of slavery and the independence of both Puerto Rico and Cuba.

Propaganda Movement

A late 19th-century campaign led by Filipino expatriates and intellectuals (ilustrados) in Europe that advocated for reforms to Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, such as representation in the Spanish legislature, rather than outright revolution.

Italian Peninsula

The boot-shaped landmass in Southern Europe extending into the Mediterranean Sea, which comprises most of modern Italy and was unified in the mid-19th century through nationalist movements.

Realpolitik

A political theory that emphasizes practical, realistic policies based on the needs of the state rather than on ethics or ideals. Otto von Bismarck was a prominent practitioner in 19th-century Germany.

Giuseppe Mazzini

A radical and romantic revolutionary who led the Risorgimento (Italian unification movement) and founded the secret society Young Italy, advocating for a unified Italian republic.

Risorgimento

Italian for "resurgence," it was the ideological and artistic movement for Italian unification, culminating in the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian general and nationalist who led the military force known as the Red Shirts and played a central role in the unification of Italy, conquering the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in the south before yielding control to the northern king.

Otto von Bismarck

A conservative Prussian statesman who was the architect of German unification in the 1860s and 1870s, largely through a series of wars and the use of realpolitik.

Immigration

The movement of people into a country from other countries, which was a significant demographic and social factor during the period of industrialization and nationalism (1750-1900).

Ottomanism

An ideology developed by the Ottoman government to strengthen loyalty and solidarity among its diverse subjects (across different religious, ethnic, and linguistic backgrounds) by emphasizing that all subjects were equal and deserved equal rights.