SLHS 3247 midterm

What is phonetics

The study of the production and perception of speech sounds

Articulatory phonetics                                                                           

·      Functions of the speech anatomy during the process of speaking and the physical properties of speech sounds described in terms of how they are made by the articulatory

Acoustics phonetics

·      How speech sound waves travel and the difference in the frequency, intensity and duration of the various sounds and how the acoustic properties can be measured

Perceptual phonetics

·      How speech signals are perceived and processed by the auditory system and brain in terms of loudness, pitch, perceived length and quality

Articulatory phonetics purpose

Give us a detailed understating of how speech sounds are physically made so that we are able to access and treat speech behaviors that vary from what is considered to be typical speech

What is a speech sound (phoneme)

·      A single articulatory movement

Systems of speech production

Respirtory, phonatory, and articulatory

Where does the process of speech priduction begin

the lungs

What does the respiratory system do?

Provides the energy source for speech production

What systems creates the production of vocal sound using tge laryngeal structures?

Phonatory system

Where are the vocal fold located

Larynx

How do the vocal cords vibrate?

·      When the airstream enters the larynx (and is great enough), pressure is exerted on the vocal folds from below, pushing the vocal fold apart and the elasticity of the folds bring them back together

What is phonation?

vibration of the vocal folds during a vocal sound

What system has the supra laryngeal system?

articulatory

what makes up the vocal tract

·      Pharynx (throat), oral cavity, nasal cavity, and articulatory

three paramters of consonants

voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articualtion

What is a cognate

phonemes that only differ in vocing such as /p/ and /b/ or /s/ and /z/.

what is the place of articulation?

The location along their vocal tract where the sound production occurs. It is a point where construction is made between an active and passive articulator

What is an active articulator

Mobile and move is the direction pf a passive articulator. tend to be lower lip and tongue

what is a passive articulator

relatively stationary. Tend to be upper lip, teethm alveolar ridge, hard palare, and soft palate

What i the bibalial placement

upper and lower lip come together

what is labiodental

Upper teeth and the lower lip come together

what is Dental/interdental 

The tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth

What is Alveolar

The tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge

What is post alveolar

The tip of the bland of the tongue is just bound the alveolar ridge

what is palatal

the body of the tongue approaches or touches the hard palate

what is velar

the back of the tongue touches the velum (soft palate)

What is glottal

the opening between the vocal cords (glottis) narrows

What is manner of articulation

how the air flows through the vocal tract

what is a Plosive

the articulators form a complete closure and airflow is stopped

what are the three stages of plosive (or stops)

approach, hold, and release

What is a nasal manner

   The velum is lowered allowing air to escape through the nasal cavity

what is a friciative

air from the lungs escpaers through a narrow gap (may sound like hissing)

what is a affricaive

The articulator’s approach and touch blocking the air flow, on the release the articulator’s part narrowly (“ch” sound and “j” sound)

what is an approximant?

articulators have a wide gap for air to flow that does not cause friction (sometimes called semi vowels)

what are the 3 things that can change vowel quality

height fo the highest part of the tongue, front/back location of the highest part of the tongue, and degree of lip rounding

/i/

“meet”

·      /ɪ/

“mitt”

·      /e/

“may”

·      /æ/

“mat”

·      /u/

“clue”

·      /ʊ/

“book”

·      /o/

“home”

·      /ɔ/

“caught”

·      /ɑ/

“spot”

·      /ʌ/

“nut”

/ə/

“banana” o   Occurs in unstressed syllables (syllable with less emphasis)

“red”

“raid”

“grow”

What is a diphthong?

Two vowels’ qualities in one syllable

“buy”

“round”

“toy”

“hate”

What is the onglide portion

·During articulation of a diphthong the tongue is placed in position for production of the first element              

What is the offglide portion

The tongue then moves to the second element in a continuous gliding motion

the tongue rise in the oral cavity when moving from the _____ to the ____ for all of the english diphthongs

onglide, off glide

All englisg offglides consist of only what two vowels?

  Either /ɪ/ (a front vowel) or /ʊ/ (a back vowel)

What is a closed diphthong?

Vocal quality changes from open to close (or low to high tonguge position)

What is a centering diphthong?

vocal quality changes from close to more open and foward to central

What is an R-controlled vowel

The r sound takes on the vocal quality

·      /ɚ/ “Schwar”

occurs in unstressed vowels

·      ɝ/ “Right-Hook Reversed Epsilon”

Occurs in stressed vowels

What is a dialect?

a variation of speech and or langauge based on factors such as geograpohical area, native language background, and social and racial-ethnic group membership.

What is style switching

the change in the way someone speaks in different settings

What is an accent

a form of speech.langauge spoken by a subgroup of speakers that is defined by phonological (sound) feartures

what is code switching

when a person shift speaking style from one dialect to another from one lanaguge to another

what is an idiolect

an individual speech pattern as your own person, everyone has a small difference between the way they talk and their family and friends

what are phonological patterns

recurring patterns of a sound variation

what is a Monophthongization

diphthong changes into a monophthong

What is Diphthongization

monophthong changes into a diphthong

What is substution

Substituing one sound for another

what is a vowel merger

2 vowel sounds become phoentocually identical

what is Derhotacization

omtiing the “r”

What is Rhotacization

changes a consonant to a rhotic consonant

What is deletion

deletion of a sound

In order for there to be sound, the must be what?

Moving air

what is a pulmonic egressive air stream?

air moving outward initiated by the lungs

What are the three non pulomic airstreams?

Glottalic egressive airstream, glotticalic ingressive airstream, and velaric ingressive airstream

What is glottalic egressive airstream

Larynx is raised, glottis is closed, casuing air pressure int he vocal tract to increase. When air is released, a popping sound is produced

what is a glottalic ingressive airstream

Larynx is lowered, air pressue is lowered causing outside air to rush in, also called implosives

what is a velaric ingressive airstream?

called clicks, produced with air trapped between a closure at the velym (soft palate) and antoher anterior closure like the alveloar ridge

What is a pulminic ingressive

produced by expanding lungs and sucking air in, may sound like a gasp

What are the three phonation types

vocing, breathym and creaky

what is voicing phonation type?

voiced vs voiceless

what is breathy phonation

vocal folds vibrate while remaining apart, also called a murmur

what is creaky phonation

produced with the posterior part of the vocal folds held tightly togther while the anterior part of vibrating at a slow rate, also called a vocal fry

what is broad transcription

ignroes details and capturing only enough of a pronunciation to show how that word differs from other words in the language

what is narrow transcription

captures as much of the specific pronuncation as possible with as many details as possible using diacritics

What is a morpheme

the smallest unit of langauge capable of carrying meaning

what is a phoneme

an individual speech sound that is capable of differentiating morphemes

what are allphones

the variant pronucation of a particular phoneme that doesnt change the identity or the meaning of the original word

what is a minimal pair?

two words that are the same excpet for one sound

what is the complementary distribution test?

two pronuncations that do not change the meaning of the word

what does broad transciptions transcribe?

transcription of phonemes

what does narrow transcritption transcribe

transcribes allophones, can use diacritics, and indicated by square brackets

“star”

“store”

“steer”