Electron Theory | Honors Chemistry

What is light a part of?

The electromagnetic spectrum.

What are two reasons scientists believed light behaves like a wave?

It has measurable frequency and wavelength, and it reflects and refracts like a wave.

What are two reasons scientists believed light behaves like a particle?

Particles can travel in space, and light exerts pressure, which waves cannot.

Who theorized that light could be comprised of particles moving in wave-like patterns?

Thomas Young.

What did Max Planck prove about light?

Light consists of tiny particles called photons.

What is the speed of light in meters per second?

Approximately 300,000,000 meters per second (or 186,000 miles per second).

What is the formula that relates the speed of light, wavelength, and frequency?

c = λν.

What does the energy of a photon depend on?

Its frequency, described by the equation E = hν.

What is Planck's constant?

6.626 x 10^-34 Js.

What is the principle quantum number (n)?

It describes the energy level or shell of an electron.

What does the azimuthal quantum number (l) describe?

The shape of the path that an electron takes around the nucleus, referred to as the subshell.

What does the magnetic quantum number (ml) indicate?

The orientation or direction of the path that an electron takes around the nucleus.

What shape does the s subshell have?

A sphere.

How many orbitals does the p subshell have?

Three orbitals.

How many orbitals are in the d subshell?

Five orbitals.

How many orbitals does the f subshell contain?

Seven orbitals.

What does the spin quantum number (ms) describe?

The rotation of the electron on its axis, which can be +1/2 or -1/2.

What is the Pauli Principle?

Every electron in an atom must have a unique set of four quantum numbers.

What is the Aufbau Principle?

Electrons fill orbitals based on the lowest energy first.

What happens when an electron moves from a higher energy level to a lower one?

Energy is emitted as light.

What happens when an electron moves from a lower energy level to a higher one?

Energy is absorbed.

Who proposed the Electron Wave Theory?

Louis de Broglie.

What does the Uncertainty Principle state?

It is impossible to know both the location and momentum of an electron without changing it.

What is Quantum Probability Theory?

A theory by Irwin Schrodinger that estimates the position and speed of electrons.

What is the shape of the p subshell?

Figure-eight.

How many subshells can the first energy level (n=1) have?

One subshell.

How many total orbitals does the third energy level (n=3) hold?

Nine orbitals (1s + 3p + 5d).

What are the impossible subshells mentioned?

2d and 3f subshells.

List the subshells in order of increasing energy according to the Aufbau Principle.

1s, 2p, 3d, 6s, 4f.

What does an electron configuration represent?

It represents an atom's electrons in terms of shells and subshells, following the Aufbau principle to achieve the lowest possible energy state.

How can you find the electron configuration of an element using the Periodic Table?

Count the elements from hydrogen (1) to the element in question, noting the energy levels and subshells.

What is the electron configuration of arsenic (As)?

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3.

What is the significance of the numbers in an electron configuration?

The numbers indicate the energy level, the letters indicate the subshells, and the superscripts indicate the number of electrons in each subshell.

What are valence electrons?

Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level (shell) of an atom.

How many valence electrons does lead (Pb) have?

Lead has 4 valence electrons.

What is the maximum number of valence electrons an element can have?

The maximum number of valence electrons is 8, based on the octet rule.

How do you determine the number of valence electrons using the periodic table?

Groups 1-2 have 1-2 valence electrons, while groups 13-18 have 3-8 valence electrons, respectively.

What is the condensed (noble gas) electron configuration for lead (Pb)?

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2.

What is the electron configuration for potassium (K)?

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1.

What is the orbital notation for carbon (C)?

1s↑↓ 2s↑↓ 2p↑ 2p↑.

What is Hund's Rule?

Hund's Rule states that electrons will occupy degenerate orbitals singly before pairing up.

What is the electron configuration for titanium (Ti)?

[Ar] 4s2 3d2.

What is the electron configuration for antimony (Sb)?

[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3.

What is the electron configuration for polonium (Po)?

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4.

What is the condensed electron configuration for platinum (Pt)?

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d8.

What are the four quantum numbers associated with an electron?

Principal quantum number (n), azimuthal quantum number (l), magnetic quantum number (ml), and spin quantum number (ms).

What is the electron configuration for neodymium (Nd)?

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f4.

What is the electron configuration for bismuth (Bi)?

[Rn] 7s2 6d10 7p3.

Why is putting one electron in each orbital more stable?

Because it lowers energy compared to other configurations, except when completing a subshell.

What happens when an electron moves from a full s-subshell to an incomplete d-subshell?

Both subshells become half full, resulting in a more stable configuration.

Can electrons be moved between any subshells?

No, it typically occurs between subshells that are close in energy, such as 4s and 3d.

What is the expected electron configuration for Copper (Cu)?

[Ar] 4s2 3d9, but it actually is [Ar] 4s1 3d10 for stability.

How many valence electrons does silicon have and how many are unpaired?

Silicon has 4 valence electrons, of which 2 are unpaired.

How many valence electrons does sulfur have and how many are unpaired?

Sulfur has 6 valence electrons, of which 2 are unpaired.

Why do alkali metals form 1+ ions?

They have 1 valence electron, losing it makes them isoelectronic with a noble gas, increasing stability.

What is the electron configuration of Silver (Ag)?

[Kr] 5s1 4d10, with 1 valence electron forming a 1+ ion.

What is the electron configuration of Zinc (Zn)?

[Ar] 4s2 3d10, forming a 2+ ion due to full subshells.

What is the electron configuration of Aluminum (Al)?

[Ne] 3s2 3p1, with 3 valence electrons forming a 3+ ion.

How do transitional metals form multiple ions?

They can shift electrons between the s and d subshells.

What is the electron configuration of Iron (Fe)?

[Ar] 4s2 3d6, commonly forming 2+ and 3+ ions.

What happens to lead's electron configuration when it forms a 2+ ion?

It loses the two p-subshell electrons, resulting in stable full subshells.

What is the electron configuration of Oxygen (O) as an anion?

When it gains 2 electrons, it becomes O2- with the configuration [He] 2s2 2p6.

What is the electron configuration of Phosphorus (P) as an anion?

When it gains 3 electrons, it becomes P3- with the configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p6.

What is a Bohr Model?

A pictorial representation of electrons in an element by energy levels.

How many electrons are in the 1st energy level of Lead (Pb)?

2 electrons.

How many valence electrons does Carbon (C) have?

4 valence electrons.

What is the electron dot structure for Chlorine (Cl)?

Cl has 7 valence electrons represented as 7 dots.

What is the ground state electron configuration for Chlorine (Cl)?

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5.

What is the ground state electron configuration for Sodium (Na)?

[Ne] 3s1.

What is the ground state electron configuration for Copper (Cu)?

[Ar] 4s1 3d10.

What is the ground state electron configuration for Polonium (Po)?

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4.

What is wrong with the electron configuration B: 1s2 2s2 3s1?

It should be 1s2 2s2 2p1.

What is the error in the electron configuration Cl: [Ne] 3s2 3d5?

It should be [Ne] 3s2 3p5.

What is the error in the electron configuration N: [Ne] 2s2 2p3?

It should be [He] 2s2 2p3.