K9 feline final

What are inactivated vx, and some ex

Made from virus that’s been killed

EX- rabies, canine influenza, canine lepto

What are modified live- live and ex

Pathogen that is modified where doesn’t produce disease

Ex- DAPP feline panluekopenia

What does DAPP/ DHLPP mean

Distemper, adenovirus, parainfluenza, parvovirus, Lepto

Where are the locations for vx

Rabies- right rear

Lepto DHLPP- left rear

DHPP- right front

Flu- left front

Bordetella- PO IN

What are feline core vx

Feline calicivirus, panleukopenia, rabies, feline leukemia

What are dog core vx

DA2PP rabies

What does FVRCP stand for

Feline viral rhinotracheitis calicivirus panleukopenia

What are some adverse vx effects

Lethargy mild fever soreness decreased appetite, sneezing, diarrhea, anaphylaxis

What are the Benefits for spay/neuter

Spay- eliminated unwanted pregnancies, mammary cancer, pyometra

Neither- testicular cancer, eliminate roaming, inter male aggression

What are the 9 preventable k9 diseases

Rabies zoonotic, canine parvovirus, canine distemper, canine adenovirus, lepto, canine parainfluenza, Lyme disease, Bordetella sis, canine enteric coronavirus

How is rabies passed, CS DX TX

Direct contact with infected tissues

Infectious- tears, saliva, respiratory tract fluids

Non infectious- blood urine feces

CS- progressive- behavioral changes, CNS symptoms

DX- immunofluorecence of greasy brain tissue

TX- no treatment

How to send rabies specimen

Severe head from body w/o damaging brain/ brain stem

Double bag specimen

Label bags

Fill out rabies submitted form and place in box with specimens

Line box with cold packs/ absorbent paper

Seal container and ship overnight to TDSHS (Texas department of state health services)

How is parvovirus passed, CS DX TX and how to prevent

From contact w/diarrhea and saliva (no vx) ,

CS- low WBC, lethargy fever, vomiting, tachycardia

DX- Snap, PCR, CS

TX- fluid therapy, supportive care

Prevention- bleach rescue

How is adenovirus passed, CS TX

Infectious fluids

CS- high fever, low WBC, clotting abnormalities

TX- blood transfusion, fluid therapy

How is distemper passed CS DX TX

Passed- sneezing and coughing

CS-fever, sneezing, vomiting, neurological signs, hyperkeratosis

DX- PCR

TX- supportive care

How is lepto passes CS DX TX

Zoonotic

Standing water

CS- Glucosuria, lethargic, bleeding disorder

DX- clinical finding, microscopic agglutination test MAT, PCR assay

TX- supportive care doxy

How is canine parainfluenza passes, CS DX TX

Respiratory tract (tracheobronchitis)

CS- coughing sneezing nasal discharge

DX- oral swab for PCR test

TX- antibiotics/ cough suppressants

How is Lyme disease passes, CS TX

By deer tick

CS- acute/ chronic renal failure, fever anorexia, swollen painful joints

DX- history, PCR, western blot test

TX- doxy over amoxicillin, gabapenitn

How is Bordetellosis passed CS DX TX

May pass to human from dog/cat

CS- hacking, sneezing, nasal discharge

DX- PCR respiratory signs and CS

TX- antibiotics, cough suppressants

How is canine enteric coronavirus passed CS DX TX

Infected/ secretions/ feces

CS- anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea colored), lethargy

DX- PCR, CS

TX- supportive care antibiotics

What are some feline preventable diseases

Rabies, panleukopenia, rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, leukemia, feline immunodeficiency viral infection

Another name for feline panleukopenia, how its passed, CS DX TX

Feline distemper

Attacks bone marrow and CNS, infected secretions

CS- enlarged lymph nodes, diarrhea, low RBC, seizures

DX- CS PCR testing outside, CPV test

TX- supportive care, fluid therapy

What is another name for feline rhinotracheitis, passes CS DX TX

Causes URI

Feline herpesvirus

Through air

CS- high fever, mouth sores, frequent sneezing, corneal ulcers

DX- PCR panel Respiratory panel

TX- nebulization, fluid therapy, eye ointment

What is calicivirus CS DX TX

Causes URI

CS- limping syndrome, ulcerations sneezing, ocular/ nasal discharge

DX- PCR thorax radiographs,

TX- supportive care, anti inflammatory ex

How is feline leukemia passed, CS DX TX

Bite wounds, mutual grooming

CS- blood disorders, weight loss, poor coat, causes cell death

DX- PCR testing, ELISA, IFA

TX- no cure

What is feline immunodeficiency virus CS DX TX

Passed by fighting/ bites

CS- Fever, lethargy, asymptomatic- Stomatitis, chronic infections

DX- ELISA test, PCR,

TX- routine BW, live alone, wellness visits 6 months

What is the modified triadan system

System from numbering each tooth in mouth

What are the quadrants and numbers along with it

100- right upper maxillary

200- left upper maxillary

300- left lower mandibular

400- right lower mandibular

What are deciduous

Baby teeth

What does I C P M stand for in dental formulas

I- incisors

C- canines

P- premolars

M- molars

What are a dogs dental formula for deciduous and permanent

D- 2( I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/3) = 28

P- 2( 1 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4 M 2/3)= 42

What are the dental formulas for felines deciduous and permanent

D- 2( I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2)= 26

P- 2( I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1)= 30

What is the difference between immediate and direct supervision

Immediate- DVM is in audible and visual range

Direct- physically onsite

What is positional and directional

Positional is left side

Directional is right side

Define enamel

Hard substance around only crown

Define dentin

Hard substance around pulp cavity

Define pulp

Nerve tissue forming inner tooth

Define periodontal ligament

Connective tissue where root attaches socket

Define cementum

Hard tissue forming surface of root

Define apical delta

Branches at tip of root

Define furcation

Space between root of same tooth

Define apical

Direction of tip of root

Define crown

Part protruding above gingiva

Define coronal

Direction of tip of crown

What are some common dental condition of canine

Periodontitis, oral trauma, benign oral tumors, gingivitis, deciduous teeth complications

What are the four periodontal tissues

Gingiva, cementum, alveolar bone and periodontal ligament

What is the normal gingival sulcus for cats/ dogs

Cats- 0.5-1 mm

Dogs 0.5-3 mm

What are the stages of periodontitis

1- plaque formation (reverse with home care)

2- deepening of sulcus (some attachment loss)

3- moderate attachment loss ( destruct ligament)

4- severe attachment loss (bone and gum loss)

What are some periodontitis preventions

Barrier sealants to reduce plaque and bacteria

Antiseptic reduce bacteria in cavity

Dental diets cleanse tooth surfaces T/D

What are the types of dental fractures

Uncomplicated- crack or chip in enamel not exposing pulp

Complicated- broken, exposing pulp cavity

How can you repair uncomplicated fractures

Sealing site, adding bonding agent

How to treat complicated fractures

Root canal- removing pulp from canal

What are some types of oral tumors that can occur CS DX

Benign- slow growing and don’t spread

Malignant- aggressive and spread

CS- ulcerations, infections, pigmented or non pigmented

DX- FNA, histological exam

What is gingival hyperplasia and TX

Excessive growth/ thickening or gum tissue

TX- gingivectomy

What are peripheral odontogenic fibromas, TX

Slow growing tumors arising from periodontal structures,

TX-surgical removal

What are some malignant tumors

Malignant melanomas, fibrosarcoma, squamous cell carcinomas

What are some types of malocclusions

Occlusion, dental malocclusion and skeletal malocclusion

What are neutroclusion

Jaw length normal, teeth abnormal position

What is mandibular distoclusion and another name for this condition

Lower jaw is shorter then upper

Mandibular brachgnathism

Class 2

Overbite

What is mandibular mesioclusion and other names for this issue

Lower teeth protrude upper teeth

Underbite

Class 3

Prognathsim

What is maxillary mandibular asymmetry

Wry mouth

Once side of jaw grows diff then other

What are the types of immunities

Non specific (innate) and specific (adaptive)

What are some innate immunity components

Physical chemical Barrie’s or cellular defenses

What are some adaptive immunity components

Passive (maternal/ artificial) active (natural, vx)

What are the lines of defense

1- skin

2- enzymes ( inflammatory)

3- specific immunity ( lymphocytes)

What is species resistance and what is it based on

Provide defense against certain pathogens

Based on physiological anatomical and biochemical differences

What is your equipment for dental machines

Mobile dental machine

Ultrasonic scaler- uses sound waves into vibrations. Only 10-15 sec creates heat

Dental polishing hand piece- Smoothes enamel surface. Only 2-3 sec 5000rpm. NEVER SUBMERGE IN WATER

Oral irrigator

Aspiration (suction)

What is the purpose of probing and charting

Measure depth of gingival sulcus, 1mm bands- 3mm bands

What to keep in mind when talking to clients for dental procedures, and discharge

Authorization prior to treatment, photos before/ after

Discharge- NSAID, oral reinsert, recheck schedule, dental chew samples

What is dirofilaria immitus and how is it transmitted

Canine heart worms.

1- mosquito bites infected host

2- mosquito passes microfilaria through bite wound

3- microfilaria flow to heart and begin to grow for about 6 months before adults

What are some clinical signs for canine heart worms TX

Cs- coughing cyanosis, exercise intolerance

Secondary- congestive failure, ascites- fluids build up in ab

Doxy, ivermectin, melarsomine

What are some complications of heart worm migration and what will you see in X-rays with HW

Pulmonary thromboembolism- worm fragments lodge in pulmonary artery blocking blood flow

Caval syndrome- heart failure

Backwards D

What are some clinical signs for feline heart worms DX

CS- asthma, respiratory distress, sudden death.

DX- heart guard, prednisone

What are some considerations for adulticide treatment

Risk of thromboembolism, owner compliance and cost concerns

Arteries carry what blood where the heart

Oxygenated, away from SYSTOLIC first sound

Veins carry what blood where the heart

Non-oxygenated towards second sound

Are are the names of the atrioventricular valves

Mitral/ tricuspid

How does the blood flow

1- deoxygenated blood returns heart via vena cava

2- from vena cava blood enters right atrium

3- tricuspid valve opens allowing flow to right atrium from right ventricle

4- right ventricle contract, pushing blood through pulmonary valve to pulmonary arteries

5- blood is oxygenated in pulmonary capillaries and returns to heart by pulmonary vein

6- from pulmonary veins O2 blood enters left atrium

7- blood flow through mitral valve into left ventricle

8- left ventricle contacts flowing blood into aortic valve in aorta

9- from aorta, o2 blood circulates in system to reach body tissues

Where are ECG leads placed and what are ECG

Records electrical impulses of heart

White- front right leg

Black- front left leg

Red- left hind leg

Green- right hind leg

White on right

Snow on trees smoke over fire

What is the sinoatrial node

Electrical stimulus is generated

What is NSR, depolarization repolarization and what does P QRS T mean

Normal sinus rhythm- healthy heart

De- contraction

Re- filling

P- atrial de-polarization

QRS- ventricular de-polarization

T- ventricular re-polarization

What is sinus brachycardia what does it look like and CS TX

NSR that’s slower

CS- syncope collapse episodic weakness

TX- atropine- increase HR

What is sinus tachycardia what does it look like CS TX

NRS but faster

CS- fear, anemia, pain, heart failure

TX- none if from pain, NSAID, analgesia, blood transfusion

What is sinus arrhythmia, what does it look like

Normal sinus irregular rhythm

What is atrial fibrillation what does it look like CS TX

No P waves seen

CS- weakness, rapid irregular heart beat

TX- digoxin- slow HR, No cure CHF will develop

What is ventricular fibrillation, what does it look like CS TX

Lack QRS, lack heart sounds

CS- absence of O2, shock, electrolyte imbalances

TX- epinephrine, precordial thump- sharp blow to chest with hand

what is ventricular tachycardia, what does it look like CS TX

Rapid repetitive contractions of ventricles

CS- abnormal calcium/ potassium levels, GI diseases

TX- lidocaine IV

What is first degree AV block, what does it look like CS TX

Fixed but prolonged PR

CS- calcium deficiency, tumors atropine

TX- underlying cause

What is second degree AV block type 1 what does it look like

Progressive lengthening of PR till beat drops

What is second degree AV block type 2 and what does it look like and what is required for this to be”fixed”

Sudden drop of QRS without warning, pacemaker

What is third degree AV block and what is required to fix it what does it look like

Complete heart block, causing abnormal slow HR

What are some causes for heart diseases and a small explanation of them

Valvular disease- valves fail to open/close

Myocardial disease- heart muscle pump weak

Arrhythmia- heart beats too slow

Vascular disease- blood vessels cause interference of blood flow

Cardiac shunts- opening on L or R side of heart

Extracardiac shunts- abnormal blood flow between body/lungs

Parasitism- heart worms

What is chronic mitral valve insufficiency, another name for it CS DX

Myxomatous mitral valve disease

Progressive deterioration of mitral valve in heart causing back flow and enlargement of L atrium/ ventricle

CS- deep cough, dyspnea, tachypnea, mitral valve regurgitation (whooshing sound)

DX- echocardiogram, thoracic radiograph

What is canine dilated cardiomyopathy, CS DX TX

Heart muscles become weak causing abnormal heart beat

CS-

Right side heart failure- ascites, weight loss

Left side heart failure- coughing pulmonary edema, mitral valve regurgitation murmur

DX- Brain natriretic peptide bio maker, cardiac troponin biomaker

TX- no cure, enalapril, vetmedin, diuretics

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy CS

Muscular walls of heart thicken more on L side

CS- systolic murmurs, gallop rhythms, sudden thromboembolism

What is patent ductus arteriosus CS TX

Ducts fail to close after birth,

CS- washing machine murmur

TX- surgical duct ligation before 2 years

What are the heart murmur intensity levels

1- barley audible

2- audible but quiet

3- moderate loud

4- Loud

5- very loud heard with stethoscope partially off chest

6- extremely Loud heard with stethoscope off chest

What are the goals to help cardiovascular diseases

CC or H/D diets, Lower sodium intake, electrolyte balance, omega 3 fatty adics, amino acids (taurine, carnitine, arginine)

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What is consisted in the upper respiratory system

Nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx

What is consisted in the lower respiratory system

Trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleural cavity