Sociology vocab - midterm 1

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Confirmation bias

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22 Terms

1

Confirmation bias

our tendency to ignore evidence/observations that contradict our beliefs (ex: climate change)

  • While giving great weight to evidence/observations that support our beliefs

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2

Attribution error

our tendency to attribute people's behavior/life outcomes to innate character or personality traits rather than to external/situational factors (ex: homeless people/ external - dont value working / situational - mental health)

  • Attribution error is often applies to entire race/ethnic group “cultures”

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3

Implicit bias

subconscious biases toward outside groups (and subconscious preferences towards one's own group)

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4

Society simultaneously exists at two fundamental levels:

Structural (macro level) EX: our culture, health care systems, uw madison, legal system Symbolic (micro level) Ex: Individual interactions, thoughts. Perceptions, etc

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5

Social structure

a system of organized activity, durable relationships, and routine practices

  • economic , educational. Legal, family, media, religion, etc

  • Hierarchy and inequality are core features of most social structures (maybe not friendship groups)--Structural inequalities are organized around several “master” categories ----Social class, gender, race/ethnicity

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6

Race

a socially constructed category of people who share arbitrarily selected physical traits

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7

Ethnicity

a socially constructed category of people who share a common identity based on culture, language, and (typically) nationality Ex: irish: Kenyan; Vietnamese; brazilian; seminole; etc

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8

“pan” ethnicity

Some racial/ethinic categories encompass numerous distinct ethnic groups/nationalities

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9

Racial formation

the historical processes by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and meaning of racial [and ethnic] categories

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10

Racialization

process by which a group is assigned a racial identity and place within a social hierarchy

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11

Melting pot

people from different (european) ethnic backgrounds eventually assimilated into mainstream society

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12

Scientific racism (early 1900s)

Darwin's theory of evolution used to “prove” that some racial groups were genetically superior

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13

Minority groups

A race/ethnic group that receives (on average) significantly less of society's values resources and outcomes

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14

Prejudice

Negative feelings/attitudes towards other groups

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15

Group threat hypothesis of prejudice

prejudice derives from the relative position of different racial groups in society

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16

Contact hypothesis

more proximity between race/ethnic groups reduces prejudice

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17

Stereotypes

Cultural and behavioral generalizations (positive or negative, but typically incorrect) about an entire group of people

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18

Discrimination

Unequal treatment of an individual or group because of race/ethnicity

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19

Discriminatory INTENT

Discrimination occurs when an individual or institution PURPOSELY treat members of one group different from those of another

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20

Discriminatory OUTCOMES or CONSEQUENCES

Discrimination is defines not by its motivation but by the RESULTS of normal routine social practices (republican doesnt mean racsit reading) Formally neutral (or “color-blind”) practices can reinforce stable patterns of race/ethnic inequality Ex: property taxes to fund schools

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21

Racism

An organized social system of practices, relationships, and ideas in which some groups are systematically advantages or disadvantages on account of race/ethnic characteristics Has both STRUCTURAL and SYMBOLIC components

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22

White privilege

The UNEARNED and UNACKNOWLEDGED advantages that came from being a member of the dominant racial/ethnic group

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