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Lecture information from cardiovascular system (electrical events and mechanical events). Fully completed set.
Purpose of the cardiovascular system
provide a medium for 70 trillion cells to exchange with the outside environment and with each other
What metabolic activities do living units conduct?
produce ATP, obtain O2, obtain nutrients, eliminate CO2/waste, and remove useful products from other cells
The transport system must have what componenets?
a medium for exchange, a way to transport the medium, and a pump for the medium
Blood
the medium of exchange in the cardiovascular system
Blood vessels
channels to transport medium between restricted areas and cells in various parts of the body
What is the function of branches in blood vessels?
they make the system more efficient in all functions
Artery
carries blood away from the heart
Arteriole
a small artery carrying blood away from the heart
Vein
carries blood toward the heart
Venules
a small vein carrying blood toward the heart
Capillary
microscopic vessels that are one layer thick
Capillaries are neither arteries or veins (t/f)
true
Heart
pump which continually moves the medium around the body and tissues
The heart has how many chambers?
4
Right atrium
receives oxygen poor blood from the body
Right ventricle
pumps blood to lungs
Left atrium
receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs
Left ventricle
pumps blood to body, is the main contributor to blood pressure
The left ventricle has the thickest walls because it has to have the most pumping force of all the chambers (t/f)
true
Atria have thicker walls than ventricles (t/f)
false
The right ventricle is shaped/positioned _______ (direction) when viewing the heart anteriorly
diagonally
The heart is located on the ____ side of a human
left
The pericardium is made up of what two types of membranes?
fibrous and serous
Fibrous pericardium
made of tough dense connective tissue; protects, anchors, and prevents overfilling of the heart
Two categories of the serous pericardium
visceral and parietal
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
“epicardium,” the layer that actually clings to the organ, often infiltrated with fat
Parietal layer of the serous pericardium
lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium, clings to the cavity wall rather than the organ
______ separates the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium
fluid
myocardium
cardiac muscle cells arranged in spirals or circular bundles that help facilitate great pumping force
Skeleton (in regards to the heart)
the tethered connective tissue fibers anchoring and shaping the myocardium
The myocardium is neither fibrous or serous (t/f)
true
The fibrous membrane is categorized as a serous membrane (t/f)
false
The heart is surrounded by the pericardium (t/f)
true
Superior vena cava
brings O2 poor blood from the upper body back into the heart
Inferior vena cava
brings O2 poor blood from the lower body (below the diaphragm) back into the heart
Pulmonary trunk
takes O2 poor blood to the lungs
The pulmonary trunk brings O2 ___ (rich/poor) blood to the lungs through pulmonary ___(arteries/veins) and brings O2 ___ (rich/poor) blood back to the heart through pulmonary ___ (arteries/veins)
poor, arteries, rich, veins
Aorta
takes blood to body tissues
Right atrioventricular valve
tricuspid valve, prevents backflow into right atrium
Pulmonary semilunar valve
tricuspid valve, prevents backflow into right ventricle
Left atrioventricular valve
bicuspid valve/mitral valve, prevents backflow into left atrium
Aortic semilunar valve
tricuspid valve, prevents backflow into left ventricle
Circuits in the cardiovascular system refer to the vessels and pumps/chambers that move the medium to and from a specific structure (t/f)
false
Pulmonary circuit
vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
Purpose of pulmonary circuit and side of the heart it occurs on
gas exchange, right side
Steps of the pulmonary circuit
pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries/arterioles → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary venules/veins
Where does blood empty into at the conclusion of the pulmonary circuit
the left atrium
Systemic circuit
vessels that carry blood to and from tissues
What side of the heart does the systemic circuit occur on?
the left side of the heart
Steps of the systemic circuit
Left AV valve → Aortic semilunar valve →Aorta/other arteries → arterioles→capillaries →venules →veins →superior/inferior vena cava → right AV valve
Atria
receiving chambers that contract minimally, contribute little to blood propulsion and are thus smaller and thin-walled
Ventricles
discharging chambers that are large and thick-walled in order to achieve maximal contraction force
Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles function in the AV valve
anchor the valve flaps in closed position and prevent flaps from blowing into the atria
Papillary muscles in the AV valve open/close the valve (t/f)
false
What closes the AV valve
the blood moving superiorly from the ventricle contraction
Characteristics of the left ventricle
the largest and thickest chamber of the heart, encounters 5x the friction
What two characteristics allow for increased force of the left ventricle
thickness and shape
In the aortic semilunar valve, what happens to the cusps during contraction and relaxation?
cusps flatten against arterial walls during contraction and fill/close as ventricles relax
What are the names of the four valves of the heart?
right and left atrioventricular, pulmonary semilunar, and aortic semilunar
Of the four valves, which two experience the most force and wear/tear?
The left atrioventricular and aortic semilunar valves
Arteries such as the aorta, are classified as a _______ vessel
conducting
The large diameter of the aorta allows for what?
decreased resistance
The aorta is contains a large amount of what tissue and what type of walls (thick/thin)
elastic tissue and thick walls
The elastic tissue and thick walls of the aorta facilitate what functions
easier expanding/recoiling to propel blood, smoothes out large pressure fluctuations
Smaller arteries are classified as ______ vessels
distributing/resistance
Compared to large arteries, small arteries have ___ (more/less) smooth muscle and ___ (more/less) elastic tissue.
more, less
Smaller arteries are active in what activity?
vasoconstriction
Capillaries are classified as ______ vessels
exchange
Function of capillaries
To exchange gas, nutrients, and waste from the vessel to the surrounding tissues or structures
Capillary bed
The microcirculation of an organ
Veins are classified as ____ vessels
capacitance (reservoir)
Characteristics of capacitance vessels
larger lumens and thinner walls
Capacitance have ___ (more/less) smooth muscle and ___ (more/less) elastic tissue.
less, more
Capacitance vessels can contract (t/f)
false
Venous blood pressure is lower than arterial blood pressure (t/f)
true
How do they veins move blood back to the heart?
Through the use of valves and contraction of nearby muscles
Muscular pump
Skeletal muscle that contracts around/near the veins and forces blood upward
Valves move the blood back up to the heart (t/f)
false
Function of valves in the veins
To prevent backflow
Hemorrhoids
The collecting of blood below of valve in the veins, can cause blood clots
What happens if you don’t contract a skeletal muscle in the lower limb?
Blood will pool, causing it to clot or for fluid to leak out (edema). Hemorrhoids and varicose veins.
Veins with valves are spread throughout the body, with the majority occurring in the upper limbs (t/f)
false
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
the partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery by atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
the build up of plaque in an artery, restricting or blocking blood flow
Coronary circulation
blood supply to the heart, part of the systemic circulation, receives 1/20th of bodies’ blood supply
Right and left coronary arteries
branch off ascending aorta, blood under high pressure and oxygen rich, branch many times to supply all of heart
Cardiac veins
drain blood into the major venous channel (coronary sinus)
Coronary sinus
receives blood from cardiac veins, opens into the right atrium near the inferior vena cava
Angina pectoris
thoracic pain due to temporary decrease in coronary circulation relative to tissue needs
Ischemia
decreased oxygen to tissues which can cause pain
When does angina pectoris occur?
When little oxygen is being delivered to the heart muscle and during physical activity
Nitroglycerine
dilates vessels to allow the blockage in angina pectoris to pass
Myocardial infarction (MI)
coronary heart attack caused by a total interruption of the oxygen supply
Infarction
tissue death
When cardiac muscle is damaged, the cells they are replaced by are scar tissue with no function regeneration (t/f)
true
How long will it take for a person to die from a myocardial infarction?
one hour
The intrinsic factor of the electrical events of the heart
the heart beat originates within the heart
The heart needs the nervous system to send a signal/impulse in order to initial a beat (t/f)
false
Extrinsic factors of the electrical events of the heart
hormones and nervous factors
Autorhythmic cells
1% of cardiac cells, non-contractile, in control of the heart beat
Note
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