AP WORLD UNIT 6

Sino-Japanese War

Sino-Japanese War

Japan defeated China and got Korea and Taiwan. This also encouraged further Chinese reformation due to the defeats.

Phrenologists

“Scientists” who studied the human skull trying to prove that Africans, Asians, and Native Americans were of an inferior race

Social Darwinism

Darwin’s theory of natural selection was manipulated to extend to societal structure, saying that people or societies which were more powerful than others were “naturally selected” and was used to try to prove that other races were inferior.

East India Company

English Monarch granted them a monopoly on India’s trade with England. This company drove Portuguese out and traded cotton, silk, indigo, and spices. In 1620 they engaged in slave trade and instigated Opium wars. They eventually took over India by recruiting Indian Soldiers called sepoys to join the rebellion.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium and created the kingdom of Congo where natives were exploited under brutal conditions for rubber. Fell due to investigations being done.

Quinine

Medical Technology used to combat malaria and helped in colonizing Africa.

Suez Canal

Egyptian Canal between the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea saving the trip around Africa. This was built using unpaid Egyptian Corvee laborers, when these laborers became angry threatening British Interests, Britain took Egypt away from the Ottomans.

Sierra Leone

British Colony developed in 1787 which was an education center for freed or formerly enslaved Africans.

Gold Coast Colony

British colony which ignored all African tribal separations in Ghana and made one big state which was used to exploitatively mine gold and diamonds and produced pepper and cocoa.

Berlin Conference

Meeting of European powers to set plans to colonize Africa, no Africans were represented

Boer Wars

Afrikaners (former Dutch Settlers in Africa) and the British fought in South Africa. These wars displaced many Africans forcing them to go to refugee concentration camps. Ultimately British won.

Independent African Countries

Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and Liberia were not colonized. Liberia was a dependent state of the US made by formerly enslaved people while in Abyssinia the Italians were just too weak to conquer.

Seven Years War on Imperialism

This war drove French out of India allowing the East India Company to fully take over and take over India.

Sepoy Rebellion of 1857

Rebellion fought by the Native Indian Troops in the EIC partially due to rumors about pig fat being used to grease the guns. While this Revolt wasn’t successful, it started the emergence of Indian Nationalism.

Taiping Rebellion

Attempt by Hong Xiuquan and peasants to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. Qing had to use French and British to protect dynasty.

Boxer Rebellion

Encouraged by Empress Dowager Cixi and tried to get rid of foreign influence by killing Christians and foreigners. Western Powers mobilized and easily quelled rebellion.

Colonization Society

Japanese establishment advocating to colonize Southeast Asia which worked. Japan held these colonies from 1890 to end of WWII

French Indochina

French colonies in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos made by forcing China to give up territories. These territories tried to farm cash crops like rubber.

Siam

Southeast Asian Nation which avoided imperialism by adopting modernizing reforms like Meiji ones. Did so through Western Education, Industrialization, and Bureaucracy.

Treaty of Waitangi

Promised rights of Maori inhabitants in Australia and New Zealand, British lie which allowed them to encroach on Maori lands with much bloodshed and disease pandemics.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that Americans were divinely empowered to take over American from Pacific to Atlantic. This spurred the completion of a transcontinental railway and forced Relocation of Native Americans.

Monroe Doctrine & Roosevelt Corollary

Monroe Doctrine was an 1823 document which said that European Nations shouldn’t intervene with countries on the Western Hemisphere. This allowed the US to get territories in Southwest from Mexico. Roosevelt Corollary expanded on this and said that US could intervene if any Latin American countries showed instability.

Empress Catherine II “the Great”

Russian ruler who aggressively expanded Russian Territory and reformed education. Also was the victim of Pugachev’s revolt.

Cherokee Nation

Coalition of displaced Native Americans who Westernized and gathered to create a state. They were later displaced once again by the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

Philippine Revolution

Revolts which occurred due to the execution of Jose Rizal. The Philippines sought US liberation, but after the Spanish-American War, America just made Philippines a US territory.

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

African Movement against British Settlers where cattle were killed to raise spirits to fight Europeans.

Communication Technology

Railroads were built in India to transport raw materials out of the country. Steamships allowed quick transportation of raw materials and communication. Telegraph allowed near instant communication in India.

Maxim Gun

Machine Gun used by imperialist powers to easily colonize nations

Export Economies

Economies where a country would explicitly farm raw materials for export and buy manufactured goods from an imperial state.

Cecil Rhodes

Owned an African Mining Company and contributed for 90% of diamond production. He made very racist policies and paved the way for apartheid

Monocultures

When only one resource was farmed, it resulted in there being a lack of biological diversity in a region allowing plant diseases to spread quickly and soil degradation.

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty made after the Chinese defeat in the Opium Wars forcing 4 more ports to be opened for Europeans and cedement of Hong Kong to Britan.

Culture System

Dutch policy where Farmers would have to choose between growing cash crops or performing Corvee labor.

Spheres of Influence

Economic development made in China where European Nations competed for ownership of the Chinese Economy. Resulted in US proposing Open Door Policy where China just opens trade to all nations

Imperialism in Argentina

British Investors made it into a rich country due to their cattle farms, railroad and telegraph systems, and the port of Puerto Madera.

Indentured Servitude

form of labor used often on employed on Asian and Indian Migrants. This system was used on people who were in debt due to travel forcing them to work to pay it off.

British Penal Colonies

Countries where convicts would be sent to work. Australia and Convicts.

British Migration to Colonies

Large amounts of British people went to colonies to join the Colonial Service to provide order or served as managers for plantations.

Japanese Migration

In the Colonization Society, Japan planned to export the surplus population to international countries. These Japanese people migrated to Peru for work and the US, but they faced discrimination.

Remittances

Funds sent back home by male Migrants.

Chinese Enclaves

Large amounts of Chinese workers worked on the Transcontinental Railroad. This resulted in diasporic communities being developed. These people made Chinese food and married local people increasing multicultural diversity.

Indian Enclaves

Indians often worked in Africa such as Natal and built railways there

Kangani System

Replaced Indentured Servitude in Southeast Asia, a system where Indians would work with their family on plantations.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Banned Chinese from getting US citizenship in 1902, repealed in 1943

White Australia Policy

Australia tried to ban Chinese Immigration with the Chinese Immigration act in 1855 by preventing immigration in North Australia, but the Chinese just went to South Australia. This was combated by persecution by whites.