Module 31 key terms

International Monetary Fund

global organization that works to achieve sustainable grown and prosperity for its 190 countries.

NAFTA(North American Free Trade Agreement)

implemented to promote trade between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. eliminated most tariffs on trade between the three countries, was effect on Jan.1

PRI

main force for political stability in Mexico

Standard of living

quality of life of a person or a population, as indicated by the goods, services, and luxuries available to the person or people

Land reform

redistribution of farmland by breaking p large estates and giving the resultingsmaller farms to peasants

recession

slowdown in a nation’s economy

Welfare state

social system in which the state takes overall responsibility for its citizens, providing health care, education, unemployment compensation and social security

Brasilia

the new capital city built in central Brazil, established by Juscelino Kubitschek

rule of law

the idea that nations should be governed by laws, not by the arbitrary decision of individuals. In a nation governed by rule of law, all people are subject to the laws, including government authorities and lawmakers themselves

F.W. de Klerk

Guerrilla fighter and statesman who helped end apartheid, first black president of South Africa

Martial law

temporary rule by military authorities over a civilian population, usually imposed in times of war or civil unrest

The Igbo

largest ethnic group of southeastern Nigera, had about 15 million people

Federal system

system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states

dissidents

opponent of a governments policies or actions

apartheid

complete legal separation of races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites

The August Coup

an attempt by hard line Communists to return the Soviet Union tothe pre-glasnost and pre-perestroika years

CIS

Commonwealth of Independent States, a loose association of former Soviet republics that was formed after thee breakup of the Soviet Union

Shock therapy

economic program implemented in Russia by Boris Yeltsin in the 1990s, involving an abrupt shift from a command economy to a free-market economy

perestroika

restructuring of the Soviet economy to permit more local decision making, begun by Mikhael Gorbachev in 1985

Boris Yeltsin

Russian politician and president of Russian in the 1990s, the first popularly elected leader of the country

Mikhail gorbachev

Russian politician, last president of the Soviet Union before the country’s collapse in 1991

glasnost

policy of openness to the free flow of ideas and information, introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev

Politburo

the ruling committee of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union

Ethnic cleansing

policy of murder and other acts of brutality by which Serbs hoped to eliminate Bosinia’s Muslim population after the breakup of Yugoslavia

Lech Walesa

chairman and chief spokesman for Solidarity

reunification

a bringing together again of things that have been separated, like the reuniting of East Germany and WestGermany in 1990

Solidarity

Polish trade Union that in the early 1980s became the first independent labor union in a country belonging to the Soviet bloc

Zhou Enlai

tried to restrain radicals, communist

Deng Xiaoping

powerful leader in china in 1980, last of the old revolutionaries

Four Modernizations

Dengs idea to progress agriculture, industry, defense, science, and technology

Tiananmen Square

uprise by 100,000 students, ending when thousands of soldiers rushed through and killed hundreds

Hong Kong

thriving business center and British colony in southeast coast of China