UCD BIS 2C Midterm 2

Excavates

ancestor is believed to have a synapomorphy of a conserved ventral feeding groove.

Diplomonads & Parabasalids

unicellular and have mitosomes, no mitochondria, most are anaerobic

Euglenids

can switch from flagellated to amoeboid. Photosynthetic or heterotrophic; some can switch. Chloroplasts were obtained through secondary endosymbiosis.

Kinetoplastids

unicellular parasites with two flagella and a single mitochondrion. Contains Trypanosomes and many are pathogens, ie Trypanosoma brucei

Heteroloboseans

freshwater heterotrophs or symbiotrophs. Can change form between amoeboid and flagellate

Rhizarians

Mostly unicellular and marine with long thin pseudopodia. No good synapomorphy can only be group based on molecular evidence.

Foraminiferans

shells of calcium carbonate, planktonic or in sediments. Holes in shell, thread-like, sticky pseudopods used to catch prey.

Unikonts

single flagellum (if present). Includes Opisthokonts and Amoebozoans

Amoebozoans

sister taxa to Opisthokonts (Fungi, Animals, Choanoflagellates). Synapomorphy = lobed shaped pseudopods. They feed by phagocytosis and live as predators, parasites or scavengers.

Plasmodial slime molds

life cycle consists of individual motile cells, forming single multinucleate cell (plasmodium). Ingest food by phagocytosis, form spores on stalks (fruiting bodies), found in cool, moist habitats

Cellular slime molds

Life cycle = individual motile cells that ingest food by phagocytosis, followed by formation of single, multicellular fruiting structure. Each cell has its own plasma membrane, individuality.

Haplontic life cycle

spore created through meiosis of zygote

Diplontic life cycle

no spore

Embryophyte

land plants, development from an embryo protected by tissues of parent plant

Gametophyte

multicellular haploid generation, produces haploid gametes by mitosis: fusion of gametes forms single diploid zygote

Gametangia

specialized sex organs that produce gametes, ie archegonium

sporophyte

multicellular diploid generation

Sporangia

of sporophyte, undergoes meiosis to produce haploid, unicellular spores

Alternation of generations

in all land plants, life cycle includes multicellular diploid and haploid stage, gametes are produced by mitosis. Spores produced by meiosis, single-cell diploid zygote.

haploid

1n... haplontic life cycle the mature organism is haploid and the zygote is the only diploid stage.

diploid

2n... Diplontic life cycle the organism is diploid and the only haploid phase is the gamete.

Meiosis

Sexual reproduction which creates diversity.

mitosis

asexual reproduction that results in genetic consistency

Streptophytes

includes green algae and land plants

Coleochaetales

aquatic green algae, retains egg in parental organism; many members have flattened growth form, like basal plants

Charales

sister group to land plants, synapomorphies shared with land plants: plasmodesmata join cytoplasm of adjacent cells, growth is branching and apical, similar peroxisome contents, mechanics of mitosis, cytokinesis, and chloroplast structure.

Nonvascular land plants

lack tracheids

liverwort

no filamentous stage, gametophyte flat, sporophyte very short. Have globular sporangium wall that surrounds mass of spores. Can have mycorrhizae

moss (Bryophyte)

filamentous stage sporophyte grows apically (from tip), often found on damp, cool ground, form thick mats, can colonize rocks. Swimming sperm

hornwort

embedded archegonia; sporophyte grows basally(from ground), can grow tall, and look like horns. Gametophytes are small flat plates

Vascular plants

possesses vascular system, consisting of tissues specializing in transportation

rhyniophyte

group of early vascular plants (now extinct), had dichotomously branching stems with terminal sporangia, but no true leaves or roots. Anchored by horizontal stems (rhizomes), which bore water-absorbing unicellular filaments (rhizoids). Had sporangia

lycophyte (club mosses and relatives)

vascular plants characterized by microphylls, roots branch dichotomously

Monilophytes (ferns and relatives)

differentiation between main stem and side branches, one branch differentiates and grows out (overtopping growth)

Equisetum (horsetails)

no dichotomous branching, small leaves are fused and surround stem (whorled), have roots. Sporangia produced on reproductive shoot (horsetail).

Psilotum (whisk fern)

dichotomous branching, small leaves, no roots. Sporangia on branches

Fern

no dichotomous branching, large leaves, roots. Can be epiphytes (grow on other trees). Sori (fern sporangia) found in clusters on underside of fern leaves

Gymnosperm

Ovules and seeds are not protected by ovary/fruit tissue

Cycads

compound leaves; swimming sperm, seeds on modified leaves. Palmlike plants.

Ginkgos

deciduous (leaves fall off seasonally), fan shaped leaves, swimming sperm. Male and female (maidenhair) trees.

Conifers

seeds in cones, needlelike/scalelike leaves, no swimming sperm. Female and male strobili (megastrobilus and microstrobilus)

Gnetophytes (Gnetum, Welwitschia, Ephedra)

vessels in vascular tissue, opposite, simple leaves

Angiosperms

contains endosperm(triploid nutritious tissue that feeds the embryonic sporophyte in early development), carpels, flowers, gametophytes are reduced, seeds within fruit

Monocots

single embryonic cotyledon

Eudicots

two embryonic cotyledons, bifacial vascular cambium

Sunflowers

one flower is actually inflorescence of many flowers (flowers grouped on a stem)

orchids

highly specialized pollinators

megagametophyte

forms from megaspores, produces eggs

microgametophyte

forms from microspores, produces sperm

spore

undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis to form a haploid plant

megaspore

a haploid spore that produces a female gametophyte (megagametophyte)

microspore

a haploid spore that produces a male gametophyte (microgametophyte)

pollen

microgametophytes of seed plants. Contained in pollen grains. Released by microsporangium to be distributed by wind/pollinators.

Pollen tube

produced by pollen grain, extends and releases sperm to megagametophyte

seed

in seed plants, consists of plant embryo, food source, and seed coat

xylem

vascular tissue, transports water and minerals from soil to aerial parts of plant, also provide support due to lignin in cell walls

phloem

vascular tissue, transports products of photosynthesis from sites where they are produced or released to sites where they are used or stored.

tracheid vessel

elongated cells in xylem, transport water and minerals

vessel element

in Angiosperms, specialized water-transporting cells in xylem, broad in diameter and connect without obstruction

sieve element

in phloem of flowering plants, living cells that transport carbs, sieve tube plates on end walls.

companion cell

in Angiosperm phloem, connected on side of sieve tubes by plasmodesmata, assist in transportation

sepal

in flowers, outer sterile leaves, showy to attract animal pollinators

petal

in flowers, inner sterile leaves, showy to attract animal pollinators

anther

in flowers, contains pollen-producing microsporangia

stamen

in flower, bears microsporangia

carpel

modified leaf containing ovules and seeds, prevents self-pollination

pistil

in flowers, structure composed of one carpel or two or more fused carpels

imperfect

in flowers, lacking either stamens or carpels; perfect flowers have both

monoecious

male and female flowers are present and borne on same plant

dioecious

male and female flowers are present on separate plants

ovary

in flowers, swollen base of pistil, containing one or more ovules, each containing a megasporangia and protective integuments

ovule

megasporangium and integument, develops into seed after fertilization

integument

protects megasporangium and contents.

fruit

contain seeds, attract animals, which eat and disperse the seeds.

sporophyll

leaves bearing sporangia, ie lycophytes

megasporophyll

in heterosporous plants, sporophylls that produce megaspores

microsporophyll

in heterosporous plants, sporophylls that produce microspores

cuticle

on land plants, waxy covering, retards water loss

antheridia

male sex organ in which sperm, each bearing two flagella, are produced

archegonia

multicellular, flask-shaped female sex organ with long neck swollen base, which produces a single egg

root axillary meristem

growth on side of branch, budding off

cambium/ lateral meristem bifacial cambium

secondary growth

thallus

undifferentiated vegetative tissue, ie stem, root

stomata

small closable openings in leaves and stems, used to regulate gas exchange, not present in liverworts

microphyll

small, rarely has more than a single vascular strand

megaphyll

large, complex leaf, may have arisen from flattening of dichotomously branching stem system with overtopping growth

homospory

bearing a single type of spore, which produces a single type of gametophyte with both male and female reproductive organs

heterospory

bearing two distinct types of spores, megaspore and microspore

chloroplast DNA inversion

first evident in Euphyllophyte (Monilophytes and Seed plants)ancestor

double fertilization

two fertilization events occur, such as the creation of an endosperm (3n triploidy)

indeterminate

growth that is open-ended. In plants, this refers to shoots and roots

determinate

growth that is limited. In plants, this refers to leaves, flowers, and fruits.

Apical (tip) growth

primary growth from division of meristem cell(s) at apex of shoot/root

Secondary growth

increase in girth from lateral meristem/cambium, ie bifacial vascular cambium.