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Which of the following characteristics is most important in demonstrating that a hypothesis should be called a theory?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
It interprets an observation.
B.
It applies to a narrow range of phenomena.
C.
It summarizes the most recent work of a scientist.
D.
It provides an explanation for the results of many experiments.
D.
It provides an explanation for the results of many experiments.
Which of the following should a student select to correctly represent an isotope of
39.19K
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
39.19K+
B.
40.19K
C.
39.20K
D.
40.20K
B.
40.19K
Which of the following is a function of mitosis in humans?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Synthesis of hormones
B.
Production of gametes
C.
Repair of damaged tissue
D.
Transmission of electrical signals
C.
Repair of damaged tissue
An animation of which of the following is most likely to be included in a lesson about how stars are formed?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
A cloud of gas contracting and heating up
B.
The formation of black holes
C.
Meteor showers against a night sky
D.
The main asteroid belt orbiting the Sun
A.
A cloud of gas contracting and heating up
To probe whether students have misconceptions about mass and weight, a teacher asks them to consider two identical objects, one on the surface of Earth and one on the surface of the Moon. Which of the following student statements represents a correct understanding about mass and weight?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Both the weight and mass of the object on Earth are greater than the weight and mass of the object on the Moon.
B.
There is no difference between the masses and weights of the objects on Earth and the Moon.
C.
The objects have the same mass, but the object on Earth weighs more than the object on the Moon.
D.
The weights of the objects are equal, but their masses are different.
C.
The objects have the same mass, but the object on Earth weighs more than the object on the Moon.
Which of the following pieces of equipment would be most useful in a middle school classroom activity with the goal of distinguishing the organisms in a drop of pond water?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
A microscope
B.
A stopwatch
C.
A balance
D.
A centrifuge
A.
A microscope
Which of the following best explains how igneous rocks are formed?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Rocks are weathered, transported, deposited, and cemented into new rock.
B.
Molten material cools and hardens.
C.
Rocks are changed by shifting magnetic fields.
D.
Rocks are changed by pressure into different kinds of rocks.
B.
Molten material cools and hardens.
Which of the following best describes how forces produce tides?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Repulsive electrical forces between dissolved ions cause the ocean to increase in volume.
B.
Earth’s magnetic field exerts an attractive force on the water in the ocean.
C.
The Coriolis force pushes water in the ocean toward landmasses.
D.
The Moon exerts a gravitational force on the water in the ocean.
D.
The Moon exerts a gravitational force on the water in the ocean.
The consequences of which of the following human activities would be the most reasonable basis for a classroom discussion on the eutrophication of a body of water?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Use of fertilizers in agriculture
B.
Burning of coal for electricity generation
C.
Building of levees for flood control
D.
Extraction of oil from shale
A.
Use of fertilizers in agriculture
Five breeding pairs of guppies are placed in a large classroom aquarium that contains aquatic plants, algae, and small invertebrates. The guppies are the only fish in the aquarium and have plenty of food. Guppies can reproduce very quickly. If the guppies are given a constant amount of food daily, which of the following is most likely to happen to the population of guppies in the tank?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The population size will remain constant as long as the aquarium is maintained, since the guppies have enough food to eat.
B.
The population size will initially increase rapidly, but eventually the population growth rate will decrease as the guppies’ food is consumed faster than it is replaced.
C.
The population size will increase until a mutation results in guppies with different‑colored fins that will outcompete the original fish.
D.
The population size will steadily decrease until there are no fish in the aquarium, because there is not enough genetic diversity in the small population.
B.
The population size will initially increase rapidly, but eventually the population growth rate will decrease as the guppies’ food is consumed faster than it is replaced.
The refraction of light underlies the operation of which THREE of the following?
Answer the question by selecting the correct responses.
A. A magnifying glass
B. A pair of binoculars
C. An incandescent lightbulb
D. A motion-picture projector
A. A magnifying glass
B. A pair of binoculars
D. A motion-picture projector
Which of the following statements best describes the heliocentric model?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The core of the Sun is composed of helium.
B.
Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.
C.
Plants grow toward a source of light.
D.
Helium is the most abundant element in the universe.
B.
Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.
Which of the following is an example of asexual reproduction?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The growth of an oak tree from an acorn buried by a squirrel
B.
An earthworm’s use of sperm stored in its body to fertilize eggs that it has produced
C.
The budding of a new hydra from a parent hydra
D.
The transfer of pollen between flowering plants by foraging worker bees
C.
The budding of a new hydra from a parent hydra
The preceding diagram is a heating curve for a pure substance. Based on the diagram, the boiling point for the substance is
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
T1
B.
T2
C.
T3
D.
T4
C.
T3
Which of the following is most likely to occur in a person who is actively exercising?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Increased breathing rate
B.
Increased digestion
C.
Decreased heart rate
D.
Decreased production of red blood cells
A.
Increased breathing rate
Of the following elements, which is most abundant in Earth’s crust?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Nitrogen
B.
Carbon
C.
Silicon
D.
Iron
C.
Silicon
Which TWO of the following are appropriate laboratory safety standards?
Answer the question by selecting the correct responses.
A. An emergency shower is located within a travel time of 10 seconds.
B. Prescription eyeglasses provide sufficient eye protection.
C. Short pants are proper laboratory attire.
D. Closed-toe shoes should always be worn.
A. An emergency shower is located within a travel time of 10 seconds.
D. Closed-toe shoes should always be worn.
Which of the following best describes the use of a nonrenewable resource?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Flowing water moving a device that generates power
B.
A solar power plant using the Sun’s energy
C.
A wind farm harnessing wind with turbines
D.
A nuclear power plant using uranium fuel
D.
A nuclear power plant using uranium fuel
The enzymes found in living organisms serve principally as
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
sources of energy
B.
catalysts
C.
hormones
D.
vitamins
B.
catalysts
Which of the following questions to students would best help a teacher assess their knowledge of transpiration?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
How does gravity drive the movement of water on Earth?
B.
Is heat released when water vapor changes to liquid water?
C.
What is the role of plants in the water cycle?
D.
What are the different types of precipitation?
C.
What is the role of plants in the water cycle?
A student dissolves a sample of ammonium chloride in water and observes that the temperature of the mixture drops from 48 degrees Celsius48°C48°C to 38 degrees Celsius38°C38°C. Which of the following statements should the student use to describe the energetics of the process?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The process is endothermic because there is a net decrease in the energy of the solution.
B.
The process is endothermic because there is a net increase in the energy of the solution.
C.
The process is exothermic because there is a net decrease in the energy of the solution.
D.
The process is exothermic because there is a net increase in the energy of the solution.
A.
The process is endothermic because there is a net decrease in the energy of the solution.
When the bones of the human arm and the bones of a bat wing are compared, many similarities are observed. These similarities are examples of
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
vestigial organs
B.
homologous structures
C.
embryonic similarity
D.
convergent evolution
B.
homologous structures
Which of the following describes the principle that is most directly related to the ability to explain geologic evidence from the past?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Geologic processes acted in the same way and with about the same intensity in the past as they do today.
B.
Thermal energy flows from warm geologic structures to cold geologic structures.
C.
Energy is conserved in closed, isolated geologic systems.
D.
Species with different ancestors can develop similar features on different continents.
A.
Geologic processes acted in the same way and with about the same intensity in the past as they do today.
The preceding diagram represents a circuit consisting of a 9-volt battery connected to a lightbulb with a resistance of 3 ohms. Based on Ohm’s law, what is the current through the lightbulb? (Assume that the battery and the connecting wires have negligible resistance.)
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
one third ampere
B.
3 amperes
C.
6 amperes
D.
27 amperes
B.
3 amperes
A child is sitting at the top of a slide and then slides down to the bottom. If air resistance and friction are negligible, which of the following is true about the potential energy and the kinetic energy of the child at the various positions?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
When the child is at the top of the slide, the kinetic energy is at a maximum.
B.
As the child reaches the bottom of the slide, the kinetic energy is at a maximum.
C.
As the child reaches the bottom of the slide, the potential energy is at a maximum.
D.
As the child reaches the bottom of the slide, the potential energy is equal to the kinetic energy.
B.
As the child reaches the bottom of the slide, the kinetic energy is at a maximum.
Students create a model of a cell city in which each of the organelles corresponds to a function in the city. Which of the following organelles in a plant cell is represented by a warehouse that stores important materials that are needed by the city for later use?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Vacuole
B.
Nucleus
C.
Ribosomes
D.
Cell membrane
A.
Vacuole
Which statement best describes the general direction of movement of weather systems affecting the continental United States?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Most weather systems do not move in a particular pattern.
B.
Most weather systems move from south to north.
C.
Most weather systems move from east to west.
D.
Most weather systems move from west to east.
D.
Most weather systems move from west to east.
A teacher explains to students that the periodic table organizes the elements into columns based on the similarity of their chemical properties. For example, the similarities of elements in column 1 can primarily be attributed to
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
being in the same physical state
B.
having the same number of valence electrons
C.
having the same number of protons
D.
having nearly equal atomic size
B.
having the same number of valence electrons
Which of the following best describes an ecosystem?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
It is all the organisms in a given area and the abiotic factors with which the organisms interact.
B.
It is all the abiotic factors in a given area that can affect the organisms living in the area.
C.
It is all the interacting communities in a given area.
D.
It is all regions of Earth and Earth’s atmosphere that support life.
A.
It is all the organisms in a given area and the abiotic factors with which the organisms interact.
An investigation to study the factors that affect the rate of reaction is conducted. In an experiment, one calcium carbonate tablet each is added to equal volumes of hydrochloric acid with different concentrations. The mass of carbon dioxide gas produced over time is recorded. Which of the following is the independent variable in the experiment?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The number of calcium carbonate tablets
B.
The volume of hydrochloric acid
C.
The concentration of hydrochloric acid
D.
The mass of carbon dioxide produced over time
C.
The concentration of hydrochloric acid
If a flat object is placed 3 meters in front of a plane mirror, the image will be formed
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
on the surface of the mirror
B.
3 meters behind the surface of the mirror
C.
greater than 3 meters behind the surface of the mirror
D.
less than 3 meters behind the surface of the mirror
B.
3 meters behind the surface of the mirror
In pea plants, the allele for round peas (uppercase RR�) is dominant to the allele for wrinkled peas (lowercase rr�). If a true-breeding pea plant that produces round seeds (uppercase R uppercase RRR��) is crossed with a true-breeding pea plant that produces wrinkled seeds (lowercase r lowercase rrr��), what percentage of the offspring plants are expected to produce round seeds?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
0%
B.
25%
C.
50%
D.
100%
D.
100%
A manufacturer is designing a new shoe with the goal of minimizing the total force felt by a person landing on the ground after jumping. Which of the following processes will best help the manufacturer improve the design?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Develop a prototype to test the durability of the shoe’s sole before large-scale production.
B.
Develop a prototype, test it, modify the shoe’s sole, and retest under the same conditions.
C.
Use high-cost, elastic materials that quickly regain their original shape to make the shoe’s sole.
D.
Use natural rubber to make the shoe’s sole to minimize the company’s carbon footprint during manufacture.
B.
Develop a prototype, test it, modify the shoe’s sole, and retest under the same conditions.
Which of the following is a function of the root system of a flowering plant?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Producing sugars for the plant
B.
Protecting the ovary and fertilized ovules of the plant
C.
Storing oils as an energy source
D.
Absorbing minerals from the soil
D.
Absorbing minerals from the soil
Scientists investigating the abyssal plain of the ocean floor are likely to observe which THREE of the following?
Answer the question by selecting the correct responses.
A. Seaweed and phytoplankton
B. Crustaceans and mollusks
C. High water pressures
D. Average water temperatures of 2 degrees Celsius2°C
B. Crustaceans and mollusks
C. High water pressures
D. Average water temperatures of 2 degrees Celsius2°C
Which of the following is the correct name for Ca(NO3)2?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Calcium nitrate
B.
Calcium nitride
C.
Calcium dinitroxide
D.
Calcium nitrogen trioxide
A.
Calcium nitrate
Which of the following plants does not produce flowers or seeds and uses spores for reproduction?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
A pine tree
B.
An oak tree
C.
A grass
D.
A fern
D.
A fern
A sample contains 8 grams of a radioisotope that has a half-life of 10 years. How much time is required for the sample to decay until approximately 1 gram1g1g of the isotope remains in the sample?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
10 years
B.
30 years
C.
80 years
D.
800 years
B.
30 years
A book is at rest on a level tabletop. A teacher asks students to sketch the forces exerted on the book. One student draws the preceding diagram, indicating that the only force acting on the book is gravity. Which of the following questions would best guide the student to revise the diagram?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Are there any horizontal forces acting on the book?
B.
Is there friction between the table and the book?
C.
Is the table exerting an upward force on the book?
D.
What is the weight of the book in newtons?
C.
Is the table exerting an upward force on the book?
When lions prey on antelopes in the savannas of Africa, the faster antelopes are more likely to escape than the slower antelopes are. Which of the following best describes how this situation exemplifies natural selection?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The survival of an individual organism is purely random.
B.
Organisms change gradually over time.
C.
Organisms strive toward structural perfection.
D.
Organisms with favorable adaptations are more likely to survive.
D.
Organisms with favorable adaptations are more likely to survive.
An alkaline battery converts which of the following forms of energy into electrical energy?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Heat
B.
Kinetic
C.
Chemical
D.
Mechanical
C.
Chemical
Barium reacts with oxygen gas to form barium oxide, B a OBaOBaO. Which of the following is produced in a similar reaction with oxygen gas?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
KO
B.
SO
C.
PO
D.
SrO
D.
SrO
Students set up an investigation to study fermentation in yeast. The image represents the setup and results of the investigation. Which of the following student conclusions is supported by the results of the investigation?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Sugar is necessary for yeast to produce a gas.
B.
The yeast bubbles are full of alcohol.
C.
When yeast and water are mixed together, the water temperature changes.
D.
The yeast cells are reproducing.
A.
Sugar is necessary for yeast to produce a gas.
Which of the following is true about volcanic activity on Earth?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
It usually occurs at tectonic plate boundaries.
B.
It is rarely associated with earthquake activity.
C.
It produces only metamorphic rocks.
D.
It produces lava with a temperature below the flash point of wood.
A.
It usually occurs at tectonic plate boundaries.
An addition of 4.2J of thermal energy is needed to increase the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C. How much thermal energy needs to be added to increase the temperature of a 100g sample of water by 30°C?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
14 joules
B.
126 joules
C.
4,200 joules
D.
12,600 joules
D.
12,600 joules
Which of the following is the primary function of the plasma membrane in a cell?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Synthesizing proteins
B.
Transmitting genetic information to the next generation
C.
Serving as a barrier to separate the cell from the environment
D.
Acting as an attachment point for chromosomes
C.
Serving as a barrier to separate the cell from the environment
Earth’s seasons in the temperate regions are caused by
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
the rotation of the Sun on its axis
B.
the tilt of Earth on its axis as it revolves around the Sun
C.
changes in the distance of Earth from the Sun
D.
the gravitational pull of the Sun on Earth
B.
the tilt of Earth on its axis as it revolves around the Sun
Of the following equations, which represents a combustion reaction?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
H2SO4+2NaOH→Na2SO4+2H2O
B.
2Na+2H2O→2NaOH+H2
C.
CaC2+2H2O→Ca(OH)2+C2H2
D.
2CH3OH+3O2→2CO2+4H2O
Option (D) is correct. Combustion is an exothermic reaction between a fuel, such as methanol, and an oxidant, such as molecular oxygen. Combustion of carbon-based fuels in oxygen typically forms carbon dioxide and water as the major products.
Which of the following parts of a compound microscope is used to regulate the amount of light transmitted through the specimen on a slide?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Diaphragm
B.
Nosepiece
C.
Fine adjustment knob
D.
Coarse adjustment knob
A.
Diaphragm
A teacher provides the following example of a benefit to humans provided by trees.
Trees in a forest may be cut down and used by humans as a natural resource.
Which THREE of the following are examples of benefits provided by the trees that are left to grow in the forest?
Answer the question by selecting the correct responses.
A. They will act as hosts to invasive species of insects and pathogens
B. They will absorb and store carbon from the atmosphere.
C. They will help reduce soil erosion and stormwater runoff.
D. They will provide habitats for a variety of other species
B. They will absorb and store carbon from the atmosphere.
C. They will help reduce soil erosion and stormwater runoff.
D. They will provide habitats for a variety of other species
According to the solar nebular theory, the planetesimals that clumped together to form Earth were composed of which of the following materials?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Gaseous iron and nickel
B.
Frozen water, methane, and ammonia
C.
Molecular hydrogen
D.
Interstellar dust and rocky debris
D.
Interstellar dust and rocky debris
net force of 6 newtons exerted on an object with a mass of 2 kilograms gives it an acceleration of 3 meters per second squared. If the net force acting on the object is doubled, what is the acceleration of the object?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
three halves meters per second squared
B.
3 meters per second squared
C.
6 meters per second squared
D.
12 meters per second squared
C.
6 meters per second squared (F=ma)
Which of the following correctly lists the first appearance of organisms in the fossil record from earliest to most recent?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Reptiles, fish, birds, amphibians
B.
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds
C.
Amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish
D.
Birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians
B.
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds
Which THREE of the following are examples of physical weathering?
Answer the question by selecting the correct responses.
A. A crack forms in a boulder that is exposed to the intense heat of a forest fire.
B. Acidic rainwater dissolves the surface of limestone bedrock.
C. A tree root enlarges a crack in a rock as the root grows.
D. A crevice in a rock widens as water collected there repeatedly freezes and thaws.
A. A crack forms in a boulder that is exposed to the intense heat of a forest fire.
C. A tree root enlarges a crack in a rock as the root grows.
D. A crevice in a rock widens as water collected there repeatedly freezes and thaws
Of the following, which is the best description of a covalent bond between two atoms?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Electrons are paired, resulting in magnetic attraction.
B.
Electrons move freely around the nuclei of the atoms.
C.
Valence electrons are transferred from one atom to the other.
D.
A pair of valence electrons is shared between the atoms.
Option (D) is correct. A covalent bond is best described as the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms.
To engage students in a discussion about distinguishing between living and nonliving things, a teacher presents the preceding image of a bacteriophage, a virus that infects bacteria. Which of the following questions should the teacher ask to best help facilitate the discussion?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Is the bacteriophage smaller than a bacterium?
B.
What are the four types of base pairs in DNA?
C.
How does the bacteriophage reproduce?
D.
What is the function of the tail fibers?
C.
How does the bacteriophage reproduce?
Which of the following elements is often used in integrated circuits, or microchips?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Neon
B.
Silicon
C.
Calcium
D.
Sodium
B.
Silicon
A student claims that all metals are attracted to magnets. To refute the claim, another student places an object made of copper near a bar magnet. The students observe that the copper object is not attracted to the bar magnet. Which of the following statements best explains the observation?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The copper object does not form a north pole and a south pole.
B.
The copper object and the bar magnet both have north poles that repel each other.
C.
Neither the bar magnet nor the copper object is connected to a battery.
D.
The bar magnet is not made of metal, but the copper object is made of metal.
A.
The copper object does not form a north pole and a south pole.
The loud chirping noises made by crickets serve as the primary means by which crickets
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
maintain the correct rate of oxygen intake
B.
locate food sources
C.
control their metabolic rate
D.
attract mates
D.
attract mates
When the Sun, the Moon, and Earth are aligned as shown in the figure, which of the following could probably be observed at point X on Earth? (Note: figure is not drawn to scale.)
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The Moon passing through Earth’s shadow
B.
A solar eclipse
C.
The Moon in its full phase
D.
The Sun setting below the horizon
B.
A solar eclipse
Based on its position on the periodic table, which of the following elements is most likely to have luster and malleability?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Cs
B.
Se
C.
Si
D.
Xe
Option (A) is correct. Luster and malleability are physical properties of metals. Metallic character generally decreases from left to right across the periodic table and increases down a row of the periodic table. Therefore, based on its position on the periodic table, the metal cesium, Cs, is most likely to have luster and malleability.
Which of the following biomes is characterized by cold temperatures, a short growing season, low annual precipitation, and sparse, low-growing vegetation?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Desert
B.
Grassland
C.
Tundra
D.
Temperate forest
C.
Tundra
Which of the following student responses to a question about the overall topography of the ocean floor is most accurate?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The bottom of the ocean is like a sandy desert, with dunes formed by currents instead of wind.
B.
The ocean floor is covered with mountains, but only some of the mountaintops are above sea level.
C.
The ocean floor has features that are similar to features on land, such as mountains, plains, and canyons.
D.
The ocean is shaped like a bowl, with sides that curve down to the deepest part at the center.
C.
The ocean floor has features that are similar to features on land, such as mountains, plains, and canyons.
An emergency vehicle blowing a fixed-frequency siren, approaches a stationary observer, passes, and then moves away. Which of the following is true of the frequency of the sound of the siren heard by the stationary observer as compared with that heard by the driver?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The frequency is higher as the vehicle approaches and the same as the vehicle moves away.
B.
The frequency is higher as the vehicle approaches and lower as the vehicle moves away.
C.
The frequency is lower as the vehicle approaches and higher as the vehicle moves away.
D.
The frequency is the same as the vehicle approaches and lower as the vehicle moves away.
Option (B) is correct. The frequency (or pitch) heard by a stationary observer depends on whether the vehicle is approaching the observer or moving away from the observer, a phenomenon known as the Doppler effect.
Scientific disciplines obtain knowledge through collecting and analyzing empirical evidence. Which of the following student learning experiences best illustrates this process?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Students build a model of a human heart to demonstrate how blood flows in and out of the heart during exercise.
B.
Students design and build a vehicle that transforms potential energy into kinetic energy for motion, using repurposed and recycled materials.
C.
Students research the process of photosynthesis, create a poster illustrating the steps of photosynthesis, and present their findings in a presentation to the rest of the class.
D.
Students plan and perform an investigation in which they measure the mass and volume of unknown materials kept at the same temperature to determine and compare the materials’ densities.
D.
Students plan and perform an investigation in which they measure the mass and volume of unknown materials kept at the same temperature to determine and compare the materials’ densities.
The incomplete portion of the double-stranded fragment of DNA represented in the diagram has the base sequence
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
′5′−GGTAC−3′
B.
5′−CCATG−3′
C.
5′−GGATC−3′
D.
5′−CATGG−3′
A.
′5′−GGTAC−3′
Volcanic island arcs like the Aleutian Islands in the northern Pacific Ocean are formed along which of the following?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
A divergent boundary
B.
A transform boundary
C.
A convergent boundary
D.
A hot spot
C.
A convergent boundary
A mixture of 7 grams of iron filings and 4g of sulfur is heated in a test tube until the entire mixture glows bright red. After cooling, the test tube and contents are weighed. The empty tube weighs 17 grams. Assuming that no atmospheric gases were involved in the reaction, the total mass of the test tube and its contents should be approximately
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
6g
B.
17g
C.
27g
D.
28g
Option (D) is correct. According to the law of conservation of mass, the total mass during any physical or chemical change remains constant. If no atmospheric gases are involved in the reaction, then the total mass of the products is equal to the total mass of the reactants, which is 11 grams. The mass of the test tube and its contents is 11 grams plus 17 grams, which equals 28 grams.
A drop of water containing green algal cells and a type of bacterium that is attracted to oxygen is placed on a glass slide, and the drop is sealed with a coverslip that has grease around the edges. When the slide is illuminated, a process will occur in which of the following algal cell structures that will cause the bacteria to move toward the algal cells?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Nucleus
B.
Central vacuole
C.
Chloroplast
D.
Mitochondrion
C.
Chloroplast
Which of the following resources will best facilitate student understanding of the characteristics of stars at different stages in their life cycles?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
A Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
B.
A periodic table of the elements
C.
The absorption spectrum of hydrogen
D.
A diagram of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum
A.
A Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
The demonstration illustrated in the diagram can be used to facilitate student understanding of aspects of which TWO of the following topics?
Answer the question by selecting the correct responses.
A. The absorption, transmission, and reflection of waves through various materials
B. The cycling of matter and flow of energy in ecosystems
C. The formation of deep-ocean currents
D. The pattern of hemispheric-scale atmospheric circulation
C. The formation of deep-ocean currents
D. The pattern of hemispheric-scale atmospheric circulation
Plants that are typically pollinated by moths most likely have which of the following features?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The ability to store water
B.
Red tubular flowers
C.
Flowers that open at night
D.
Large edible fruit
C.
Flowers that open at night
The use of which THREE of the following fuels to produce electricity contributes significantly to global climate change?
Answer the question by selecting the correct responses.
A. Coal
B. Oil
C. Natural gas
D. Uranium
A. Coal
B. Oil
A student pours a sample of a saturated aqueous solution of a salt into a test tube and seals the tube. There is an air space above the liquid, and there are no undissolved solids in the tube. When the temperature of the tube is lowered, some solid appears in the tube. What is the most reasonable explanation for this occurrence?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The evaporation rate of water increases as the temperature decreases.
B.
The evaporation rate of water decreases as the temperature decreases.
C.
The amount of salt that needs to be dissolved to make a saturated solution increases as the temperature decreases.
D.
The amount of salt that needs to be dissolved to make a saturated solution decreases as the temperature decreases.
D.
The amount of salt that needs to be dissolved to make a saturated solution decreases as the temperature decreases.
A student’s hand accidentally touches and immediately withdraws from a hot plate. The nerve impulse follows which of the following pathways to produce the almost instantaneous response?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Motor neuron to→→ spinal cord to→→ sensory neuron to→→ muscle
B.
Motor neuron to→→ muscle to→→ sensory neuron to→→ sensory receptor
C.
Sensory neuron to→→ spinal cord to→→ motor neuron to→→ muscle
D.
Sensory neuron to→→ spinal cord to→→ muscle to→→ motor neuron
C.
Sensory neuron to→→ spinal cord to→→ motor neuron to→→ muscle
Which of the following household chemicals is most likely to be effective at neutralizing a base?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Ammonia
B.
Table salt
C.
Vegetable oil
D.
Vinegar
D.
Vinegar
Which of the following factors plays the greatest role in determining the climate of a given location?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Average wind velocity
B.
Deep-ocean circulation
C.
Latitude
D.
Longitude
C.
Latitude
Based on the graph, the magnitude of the car’s acceleration is greatest during which of the following time intervals?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
0 to 5 minutes
B.
5 to 25 minutes
C.
25 to 30 minutes
D.
30 to 55 minutes
Option (A) is correct. The magnitude of the car’s acceleration is equal to the change in speed over time, which is equal to the slope of the graph during a given time interval. The line segment representing the car’s motion during the 0-to-5 minute interval has the largest slope.
Lymphocytes have which of the following functions in the human body?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
They carry oxygen to other cells.
B.
They form blood clots.
C.
They defend the body from foreign substances.
D.
They are enzymes involved in metabolism.
C.
They defend the body from foreign substances.
The presence of which of the following features on Mars would best support the claim that there was once flowing water on the surface of Mars?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Sand dunes and deserts
B.
Meandering stream patterns composed of sediment
C.
Basaltic igneous rocks
D.
A plateau with several large volcanoes
B.
Meandering stream patterns composed of sediment
A group of students measured the boiling point of three different samples of pure water. Each measurement was made by a different student using the same thermometer. Their measurements were 94°C, 99°C, and 104°C. Which of the following most likely accounts for the discrepancy in the measurements?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The markings on the thermometer are not accurate.
B.
The students misread the markings on the thermometer.
C.
Three different hot plates were used to heat the water samples.
D.
The water samples were heated for different lengths of time.
Option (B) is correct. The error that most likely accounts for the discrepancy in the measurements is that the students misread the markings on the thermometer. The temperature at which water boils (which is 100°C at a pressure of 1 atmosphere) is the same regardless of what hot plate is used and how long the water is heated. If the thermometer had inaccurate markings, the students’ measurements would likely all be either above or below the known boiling point.
The process of DNA replication typically results in the formation of
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
a complementary RNA molecule
B.
a protein
C.
a ribosome
D.
two identical DNA molecules
Option (D) is correct. Replication is the process that produces two identical molecules of DNA, one from each of the complementary strands of the original DNA.
Which of the following phenomena are primarily responsible for the formation of the Grand Canyon?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Clusters of earthquakes
B.
Flooding and deposition
C.
Uplift and erosion
D.
Glaciation and glacial retreat
C.
Uplift and erosion
A student speaking in the hallway outside a classroom can be clearly heard by students in the classroom but cannot be seen through the open door of the classroom. Which of the following best explains why?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Air ducts carry the sound throughout the entire building.
B.
Sound spreads in all directions as it leaves its source, but light does not.
C.
Sound can travel through walls, but light cannot.
D.
Sound waves can bend enough to pass around the edges of the door, but light waves cannot.
D.
Sound waves can bend enough to pass around the edges of the door, but light waves cannot.
Transport of water and inorganic nutrients in vascular plants from the roots to the shoots occurs in which of the following?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Xylem
B.
Phloem
C.
Central vacuole
D.
Pith
A.
Xylem
The Challenger Deep is the deepest surveyed location in the oceans. The Challenger Deep is most likely associated with which of the following ocean features?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Trench
B.
Atoll
C.
Seamount
D.
Abyssal plain
Option (A) is correct. An oceanic trench is a feature associated with a convergent plate boundary where one lithospheric plate is subducted beneath another, less-dense plate.
Which of the following is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between aluminum and copper(II) chloride?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Al+3CuCl2→2AlCl3+Cu
B.
2Al+3CuCl2→2AlCl3+3Cu
C.
3Al+CuCl2→AlCl3+2Cu
D.
3Al+2CuCl2→3AlCl3+2Cu
Option (B) is correct. In option (B), the reactants and the products each contain the same number of each kind of atom, A l, Cu, and Cl.
Dodders, vines with a string-like appearance, produce little to no chlorophyll to support photosynthesis. Instead, dodders obtain nutrients primarily by producing structures that penetrate into the vascular systems of other living plants. The plants penetrated by the dodders become weakened and more susceptible to diseases. Based on the information presented, the interaction between dodders and other plants best illustrates which of the following types of interspecific relationships?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Parasitism
B.
Predation
C.
Mutualism
D.
Commensalism
A.
Parasitism
Which of the following best explains how DNA obtained from a crime scene is most likely to be used?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The DNA will be used to determine and compare the blood types of several individuals.
B.
The DNA will be analyzed to identify specific sequence variations that differ between individuals.
C.
The DNA will be studied under a high-powered microscope and compared with samples of DNA from other individuals.
D.
The DNA will be sequenced in order to create a computer-generated image of an individual.
B.
The DNA will be analyzed to identify specific sequence variations that differ between individuals.
Which of the following objects exerts the greatest gravitational force on another object located 5 million kilometers away?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
A star
B.
A moon
C.
A planet
D.
A meteor
A.
A star
Multiple-choice question with one correct answer choice. There is no additional information needed to answer the question, so there is no reference region.
Students are asked to predict the outcome of mitosis in a body cell with 36 chromosomes. Which of the following student predictions is correct?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The number of daughter cells is 4, and the number of chromosomes is 9.
B.
The number of daughter cells is 4, and the number of chromosomes is 36.
C.
The number of daughter cells is 2, and the number of chromosomes is 36.
D.
The number of daughter cells is 2, and the number of chromosomes is 18.
C.
The number of daughter cells is 2, and the number of chromosomes is 36.
Which of the following most accurately describes the direction in which all rivers flow?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
From north to south
B.
From higher elevations to lower elevations
C.
From areas of greater air pressure to areas of lower air pressure
D.
From areas with dense vegetation to areas with sparse vegetation
B.
From higher elevations to lower elevations
Br2, a red-brown liquid at 20°C, is classified as
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
an element
B.
a compound
C.
a salt
D.
a solution
A.
an element
A certain species of plant has bright red flowers. Which of the following most likely explains why the red color is considered an adaptation of the plant?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
The plant is pollinated by hummingbirds, which can see red very well.
B.
The red color protects the plant from parasitic insects.
C.
Producing red flowers requires less energy expenditure than producing white flowers.
D.
Red pigments in the flower petals absorb light needed for photosynthesis by the leaves.
Option (A) is correct. Bright red flowers in plants typically indicate that the plant is pollinated by another organism, and, notably, one that is attracted to the color red.
Instruments at a school weather station include an anemometer, a barometer, and a hygrometer. A teacher asks students what each instrument measures. Their responses are given in the following table.
Student | Anemometer | Barometer | Hygrometer |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | Air pressure | Humidity | Wind speed |
2 | Humidity | Wind speed | Air pressure |
3 | Wind speed | Air pressure | Humidity |
4 | Wind speed | Humidity | Air pressure |
Which of the following students provides a correct response?
C.
Student 3
A teacher uses an activity that focuses on the design of a facility that makes fuels to generate energy using carbon dioxide captured directly from the atmosphere. The students are asked to determine whether the area of land needed to build the facility is an engineering design criterion or a constraint. Which of the following student statements provides the best determination and explanation?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
It is a criterion because this is a goal for any engineering design plan.
B.
It is a criterion because building the facility could reduce the amount of land used for agriculture.
C.
It is a constraint because it could limit the size of the facility and, therefore, the amount of carbon dioxide captured.
D.
It is a constraint because the facility might be located in a rural area where no carbon dioxide is released.
C.
It is a constraint because it could limit the size of the facility and, therefore, the amount of carbon dioxide captured.
C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O
A student models aerobic cellular respiration by writing the preceding net chemical equation. Which of the following modifications to the equation would best help improve the model?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
Adding “energy” to the product side
B.
Reversing the direction of the arrow
C.
Adding “solar energy” to the reactant side
D.
Switching the positions of O 2O2O2 and C O 2CO2
Option (A) is correct. Aerobic cellular respiration produces energy in the form of ATP for cellular processes by a complex series of reactions that begin with glucose and oxygen.
Which of the following statements about the oldest fossils on Earth is correct?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
They are less than 10,000 years old.
B.
They are the remains of the first mollusk species.
C.
They are much larger than the fossils of their ancestors.
D.
They are found in rock that is over 3 billion years old.
D.
They are found in rock that is over 3 billion years old.
Two identical positive electric charges are located as shown in the preceding diagram. At which of the points shown would a negative charge have no tendency to move due to electrical forces exerted on it by the two positive charges?
Option (B) is correct. A negative point charge placed at either point A or point C will move toward point B. A negative point charge placed at point B will not move, since it experiences equal but opposite forces from the two positive charges.
The presence of which of the following cellular structures distinguishes a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell?
Answer the question by selecting the correct response.
A.
DNA
B.
Ribosomes
C.
A cell wall
D.
A nuclear envelope
Option (D) is correct. A eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds its genetic material, creating a membrane-bound nucleus. Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles.
Note 
Flashcards (74)