AP Human Geography - All Units - Final

Mercator Projection

A map projection of Earth that is great for displaying accurate direction (for naval exploration) but has significant distortion in the size and location of the landmasses

Mercator Projection

What is this map projection?

Direction, Shape, Area, and Distance

The four things impacted by distortion

Goode Homolosine Projection

A map projection of Earth that excels at showing the true size and shape of earth's landmasses but is interrupted, making it unhelpful for direction

Goode Homolosine Projection

What is this map projection?

Interrupted Map

A map that tries to remove distortion by removing parts of the globe

Fuller Projection

A map projection of Earth that is uninterrupted and maintains accurate size and shape, but it doesn't use directions, making it harder to read

Fuller Projection

What is this map projection?

Uninterrupted Map

A map that displays the entirety of the earth's surface

Robinson Projection

A map projection of Earth that maintains the true size and shape of landmasses but puts its distortion near the poles

Robinson Projection

What is this map projection?

Winkel Tripel Projection

A map projection of Earth that is more round and large and tries to concentrate its distortion at the poles

Winkel Tripel Projection

What is this map projection?

Gall-Peters Projection

A map projection of Earth that very accurately shows the true size of landmasses but has a lot of distortion in the shape and direction

Gall-Peters Projection

What is this map projection?

Reference Maps

Informational maps showing boundaries, names of places, and geographic features of an area

Topographic Map

A map that uses contour lines to display the terrain and elevation changes

Absolute Direction

The exact direction you are heading

Relative Direction

The direction that depends on the surrounding area

Absolute Distance

The exact distance between two places

Relative Distance

An approximate measurement between two places

Absolute Location

The exact spot in which something is located

Relative Location

The description of a location using surrounding geographic features

Thematic Map

A map that displays spatial patterns of places and uses quantitative data to display specific topics

Chloropleth Map

A thematic map that displays spatial patterns data by using different colors

Small Scale Map

A map that shows a large portion of the Earth's surface but has less details in the data it is displaying

Large Scale Map

A map that shows less of the Earth's surface but has more details in the data it is displaying

Dot Density Map

A thematic map that shows data with points at the place the data is occuring

Clustered

Gathered closely together in a group

Dispersed

Objects in an area are spread out with ample space between them

Graduated Symbol Map

A map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the attribute they represent

Isoline Maps

Maps that use lines to connect different areas that have similar amounts of information

Cartogram Maps

Maps that show the greatest value represented by the largest area

Flowline Maps

Maps that show movement of data between different places

Remote Sensing

A process of collecting information about the Earth's surface from satellites orbiting the earth

Geographic Infromation System (GIS)

A computer system that can collect, analyze, and display geographic data

Place

A specific point on Earth's surface that has one or more unique characteristics

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A network of satellites that are used to determine the position of something on Earth

Field Observations

Data that is being gathered in the real world

Qualitative Data

Information that is presented in word form and is often up for interpretation and debate

Quantitative Data

Information that can be counted or presented in number form

Distance Decay

The effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions

Supply Chain

A network of people, organizations, resources, and activities that work together to create and sell different products

Time-Space Compression

The reduction of time it takes for something or someone to get from one place to another

Flow

The movement of people, ideas, goods, or services from one place to another

Spatial Association

The relationship between different objects in an area

Space

The physical gap between different objects in an area

Density

The amount of objects in an area

Concentration

The spread of objects in an area

Pattern

The arrangement of objects in an area

Sense of Place

A strong feeling or perception people have of a place

Placelessness

A place that does not invoke any strong response from individuals due to a lack of unique characteristics

Desalinization

A process of removing salt from seawater

Environmental Determinism

The environment sets the possibilities for humans and society (Environment determines culture)

Land Use

A term that is used to describe how land has been changed or modified to be used for a specific purpose or task

Sustainability

The use of the Earth's resources in a way that ensures those resources will still be available in the future

Renewable Resources

Natural resources that can be used multiple times without running out

Non-Renewable Resources

Natural resources that can only be used once

Scale of Analysis

The observation of data at the global, national, regional, and local scale

Scale

The relationship of a distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the ground

Region

A geographic area with common characteristics and/or patterns of activity

Formal/Uniform Region

A geographic area with common attributes, traditionally defined by economic, social, political, or environmental characteristics

Functional/Nodal Region

A geographic area organized around a node or center point, often based around economic activities, travel, or communication

Vernacular/Perceptual Region

A geographic area that has no perfect definition, it only exists because of people's beliefs, feelings, and attitudes of the region

Environmental Possibilism

The idea that the environment puts limits on society, but people have the ability to adjust/modify the physical environment to overcome those limits

Population Density

The amount of people in an area

Population Distribution

The spread of people in an area

Arithmetic Density

The number of people per unit of land

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land

Carrying Capacity

The amount of people that can be supported by the environment without damaging the environment

Sex Ratio

The ratio of males to females in a society

Dependency Ratio

The amount of people a society has to support

Child Dependency Ratio

The amount of non-working children a society has to support

Elderly Dependency Ratio

The amount of non-working elderly people a society has to support

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have in her childbearing years

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths under one year of age in a year for every 1,000 live births

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage by which a population grows in a year

Doubling Time

The amount of time it takes for a population to double in size

Pro-Natalist Policies

Policies that are created to help increase a society's birth rate

Anti-Natalist Policies

Policies that are created to help decrease a society's birth rate

DTM Stage 1

High CBR, High CDR, Low NIR

DTM Stage 1

What stage is this population pyramid?

DTM Stage 1

The DTM stage where societies lack standard medicine, are subsistence agriculturally based, and most of human history is in this stage

The Industrial Revolution

What was the catalyst for stage two of the DTM?

DTM Stage 2

High CBR, Decreasing CDR, Increasing NIR (Slope)

DTM Stage 2

What stage is this population pyramid?

DTM Stage 2

The DTM stage where the medical and industrial revolution took place, urbanization is seen, and major population increase occurs

DTM Stage 3

Decreasing CBR, Decreasing CDR, High NIR (Slope)

DTM Stage 3

The DTM stage where high population in urban centers causes less need for larger families, higher life expectancy and decreased IMR, and changed gender roles

DTM Stage 3

What stage is this population pyramid?

DTM Stage 4

Low CBR, Low CDR, Low NIR

DTM Stage 4

The DTM stage where there are more economic opportunities for all citizens, high women education, and zero population growth (ZPG)

DTM Stage 4

What stage is this population pyramid?

Disposable Income

Income that a person has after taxes and other mandatory charges

DTM Stage 5

Low CBR, Low CDR, Negative NIR

DTM Stage 5

The DTM stage where CBR is lower than CDR causing population decrease

DTM Stage 5

What stage is this population pyramid?