AP Human Geography Unit 1 (1.1 - 1.7) Vocab

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69 Terms

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Built environment

The physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape in their understanding of land use.

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Census Data

Commonly used for research of population, business marketing, and planning, providing a sampling frame such as an address register.

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Contagious Diffusion

A type of expansion diffusion where all individuals and areas outward from the source region are affected.

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Contour Map

Lines drawn to represent a consistent height above sea level.

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Cultural ecology

A geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.

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Cultural Hearths

Areas where civilizations first began that radiated customs, innovations, and ideologies that culturally transformed the world.

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Cultural Landscape

Modifications of the natural landscape by human activities.

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Cultural Traits

A single attribute of a culture.

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Distance decay

The concept where the further things are apart, the less connected they tend to be.

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Distribution

The way a phenomenon is spread out or arranged over an area to describe patterns.

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Environmental determinism

The belief that landforms and climate are the most powerful forces shaping human behavior and societal development while ignoring the influence of culture.

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Environmental possibilism

A view that acknowledges limits on the effects of the natural environment and focuses more on the role that human culture plays.

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Formal (Uniform) Region

An area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.

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Functional (Nodal) Region

An area organized around a node or focal point.

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Geographic Perspective

Where and how something occurs with the physical environment.

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Geographic scale

Refers to the area of the world being studied.

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Human environment interaction

The study of how land is utilized, modified, and organized by people.

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Local Scale vs Global Scale

Local scale refers to a local area (village, town, city), while global scale relates to the entire world.

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Material Culture

A type of culture consisting of concrete/physical human creations.

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Mobility

All types of movement between locations.

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Natural resources

Items that occur in the natural environment that people can use, such as air, water, oil, fish, soil, and minerals.

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Nonrenewable resources

Limited resources that can be exhausted by human users.

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Place

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic.

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Region

A group of places in the same area that share a characteristic.

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Regionalization

The organization of the Earth's surface into distinct areas that are viewed as different from other areas.

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Renewable resources

Unlimited natural resources that theoretically will not be depleted based on use by people.

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Sense of place

The perception of the characteristics of places based on personal beliefs.

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Site

The physical characteristic of a place.

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Situation

The location of a place relative to another place.

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Spatial association

Matching patterns of distribution.

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Sustainability

The overarching theme of human geography related to using resources now in ways that allow their future use while minimizing negative environmental impacts.

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Time space compression

The shrinking time distance or relative distance between locations due to improved methods of transportation and communication.

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Toponym

The name given to a place on Earth, often derived from founders, religious affiliation, physical features, or colonial origins.

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Absolute Location (*w)

a place may be located by mathematically calculating its location using latitude and longitude

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Aerial Photography (drive vocab list)

remotely sensed information captured from planes and from satellites that orbit the earth above the atmosphere.

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Cartography

The science of map making.

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Centralized Pattern (*w)

distribution pattern is if objects circle another object

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Distortion

On a map or image, the misrepresentation of shape, area, distance, or direction of or between geographic features when compared to their true measurements on the curved surface of the earth.

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Fieldwork (*amsco)

data observed and recorded on location

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data

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Geospatial data

data that is specific to one location, can be quantitative or qualitative

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Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers

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Globalization

actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope

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Greenwich Mean Time

the time in the zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0 degrees longitude

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International Date Line

an arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas

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Isoline map

map displaying lines that connect points of equal value such as a map showing elevation (topographic)

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Land use

study of how land is utilized, modified and organized by people

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Landscapes (*w)

the overall appearance of an area that is shaped by both human and natural influences

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Linear Pattern (*w)

distribution pattern is along straight lines

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Location

the position of anything on Earth's surface

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Map Projection

A mathematical method that involves transferring the earth's sphere onto a flat surface. This often causes the map to become distorted to some aspect of reality.

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Map Scale

The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.

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Mercator Projection

A true conformal cylindrical map projection, it is particularly useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction.

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Population pyramid

a bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

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Qualitative Geographic Data (*amsco)

collected as interviews, document archives, descriptions, and visual observations

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Quantitative Geographic Data (*amsco)

information that can be measured and recorded using numbers

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Random Pattern (*w)

no regular distribution can be seen

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Rectilinear Pattern (*w)

a rectangular system of land survey adopted in much of the country under the Ordinance of 1785

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Reference map

a map that emphasizes the location of places such as political, physical, road and plot maps.

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Relative Location (*w)

defines a place in terms of how central or isolated it is in relation to other places

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Remote sensing

the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long-distance methods like aircrafts/planes

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Robinson Projection

A map projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does attempt to minimize the errors of area, shape, distance or direction that are commonly found on all maps.

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Satellite Imagery (Google)

images of the Earth collected by satellite

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Scale

The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole. It is a ratio between the size of something in the real world to the size of that something on a map.

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Space

the physical gap or interval between two objects

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Spatial data

information that can be tied to specific locations.

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Spatial Organization (*w)

the location of places, people, and events and the connections among places and landscapes

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Stimulus

a graph, chart, map or photograph image which are often analyzed on a multiple choice question or free response question.

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Thematic map

map that displays not only locations but also a topic or theme of information with the location.