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What was the Old Regime divided into?

Three Estates

What was the First Estate?

It was formed by the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. Roughly 260,000 people or 1% of the population of France.

What was the Second Estate?

It was formed by rich nobles. Roughly 520,000 people or 2% of the population of France.

What was the Third Estate?

It was formed by the rest of the population of France. Roughly 25,220,000 people or 97% of the population of France.

What privileges did the first two estates have?

Access to high offices and exemptions from paying taxes.

Who were the bourgeoisie?

The French middle class (bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, and artisans).

What was a big motivation for the French Revolution?

The American Revolution

What were the main reasons France was in financial trouble?

Heavy taxes on the lower class

Rising cost of living

Food shortage caused by bad harvests

Debt from previous monarchs

Debt from assisting the US in war

Why did France not like Queen Marie Antoinette?

She offered bad governing advice to Louis XVI and spent loads of government money on luxury items. She was also Austrian, one of France's enemies.

How and why did Louis XIV try to fix the French economy?

Louis put off the country's economic problems until the country had no money left and was forced to tax the nobles.

What was the Estates-General?

An assembly of representatives from the three estates to assist in governing decisions. It was not called for 175 years because France's strong monarchs had no need to use it.

How did voting in the Estates-General work and how was it flawed?

The system was outdated and made all three estates have the same worth in votes, meaning that the two wealthier estates could overwrite the much larger Third Estate.

What was the big change that the Third Estate want to make to the Estates-General?

They wanted to make each estate's delegates vote, making the Third Estate have more representation since it had more delegates.

What was the National Assembly?

A group formed by the Third Estate that represented the common people of France. It sought to remove monarchs and bring about a representative government.

What was the Tennis Court Oath?

An oath made by the National Assembly to not give up in their goal until a new French Constitution was created.

What was the Storming of the Bastille?

(July 14, 1789) A mob searching for weapons stormed a prison in Paris called the Bastille and took control of it. This became a symbol of revolution in France.

What was the Women's March on Versailles?

(October 5, 1789) French women marched to Versailles and forced the king and queen to leave the palace and return to Paris.

What was the new constitution that the National Assembly created?

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

What was the French Revolution's slogan?

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"

What did the National Assembly do to gain more land?

They took control of the Catholic Church and took most of the land they controlled. This caused Catholic Peasants to become upset with the new government.

What did Louis XIV and his family do to flee France?

They tried to flee to the Austrian Netherlands because Marie Antoinette was Austrian and they thought they could find shelter there. However, when they tried to cross the border they were stopped and forced to return to Paris.

What did the National Assembly change its name to?

The Legislative Assembly

What was the difference between the National Assembly and the Legislative Assembly?

The Legislative Assembly was made of three equal groups and was in charge of creating laws.

Who were the Emigres?

French nobles that wanted to undo the French Revolution and restore the Old Regime.

Who were the Sans-Culottes?

Parisian workers and shopkeepers that wanted even greater changes to the French government.

What country wanted to attack France during the French Revolution?

Prussia

Who were the Jacobins?

A radical political organization involved in many government changes in France.

Who led the Jacobins and what was his job?

They were led by Jean-Paul Marat who was a newspaper editor and speaker against supporters of the French monarchy.

What happened to Louis XVI?

He was beheaded by a guillotine.

Who was the second leader of the Jacobins and what was the period where he ruled called?

The next leader was Maximilien Robespierre and the period in which he ruled France was called the Reign of Terror.

What brought about an end to the Reign of Terror?

Members of the national convention arrested Robespierre and beheaded him.

What was the big change to the world during the Industrial Revolution?

The increased output of machine-made goods.

What happened before the Industrial Revolution?

The Agricultural Revolution

What assisted the Agricultural Revolution and how did it help?

Farmers sectioned off parts of their land into separate farm fields. This allowed land owners to experiment with new farming methods without ruining their entire crop and forced small farm owners to work for larger farms.

How did Jethro Tull change how crops were planted?

He invented the seed drill which was a machine that automated the planting of seeds into well spaced rows and specific depths. This allowed more seeds to take root and more crops to grow.

What was crop rotation?

Rotating what crops are planted in different fields to restore nutrients and make crops grow faster.

What result came of the Agricultural Revolution?

An excess of food led to a higher population and demand for goods such as cloth. This led to a large portion of people becoming factory workers.

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

Lots of water power and coal to fuel machines

Excess of iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings

Lots of rivers for inland transportation of goods and workers

Lots of harbors to transport and sell goods

How did the improved banking system assist the Industrial Revolution?

People could take loans to boost the creation of factories and machines. People could also invest in the manufacture of new inventions and profit off of their success.

What are the three factors of production?

Land, Labor, and Capital

What are textiles?

Woven fabrics made of cloth

What did John Kay invent and what was its impact?

He invented the Flying Shuttle which increased the efficiency of weaving textiles.

What did James Hargreaves invent and what was its impact?

He invented the Spinning Jenny which allowed weavers to weave a higher amount of textiles at once.

What did Richard Arkwright invent and what was its impact?

He invented the Water Frame which used water to automate the spinning of textiles.

What did Edmund Cartwright invent and what was its impact?

He invented the Power Loom which produced higher quality textiles than those that were created by hand.

What did Eli Whitney invent and what was its impact?

He invented the Cotton Gin which automated the picking of seeds from cotton.

What did James Watt improve and what was its impact?

He improved the Steam Engine and allowed it to work more efficiently while consuming less fuel.

Where did cotton for textiles come from?

The American South

What were the three main impacts of the railroad industry?

It boosted industrial growth by allowing manufacturers to cheaply transport goods.

It created many new jobs for railroad workers and miners.

It boosted agricultural and fishing industries by allowing them to cheaply transport perishable goods.

What is laissez-faire economics?

The idea that governments should let business owners set working conditions and wages.

What book did Adam Smith write and what were the main three ideas?

"The Wealth of Nations"

Self Interest - People work for their own good.

Competition - Competition forces people to make a better product.

Supply and Demand - Enough goods will be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy.

What was Thomas Malthus' idea about food and population?

Population increases more rapidly than food supply and that most people are destined to be poor and miserable without wars and disasters to keep the population in check.

What was David Ricardo's "Iron Law of Wages?"

When there are lots of workers, wages are lower, but if there are fewer workers, wages are higher.

What is Jeremy Bentham's belief of Utilitarianism?

The belief that people should value and judge ideas and actions based on their usefulness, and that the government should do the greatest good for the greatest amount of people.

What did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles write and what did it predict?

The Communist Manifesto predicted that workers would overthrow factory owners because they have "nothing to lose but their chains."

What is communism?

An economic system based on the Communist Manifesto where there are no social classes and all resources and possessions are owned by the government instead of privately.

What are labor unions and what were the two main things they fought for?

Large groups of workers that fought for better working conditions and higher pay.

What was the Factory Act of 1833?

A law passed that severely limited child labor and even prohibited it in some cases.

What did William Wilberforce fight for?

He fought to end slavery as he thought it was morally wrong.

Why was slavery an economic issue?

It made up the majority of labor in America and prevented jobs from being taken by payed employees, limiting the fluctuation of money in the economy.

What did Horace Mann fight for?

Free public education for all children.

What specific event caused European countries to go to Africa?

Henry Stanley's exploration of the Congo Region.

What reasons were European countries going to Africa and what did they change to?

They originally went to Africa to research and civilize the continent but switched to claiming and conquering early on.

What was the Berlin Conference?

A meeting where European countries discussed the colonization of Africa.

What was the Principle of Effectivity?

A rule created by the Berlin Conference that let European countries take another country's land if they did not fully exploit its resources.

What was wrong about the new borders for countries in Africa?

They were created without respecting the historical and cultural territories of the native people.

What inventions helped Europeans conquer Africa?

Maxim gun, steam powered boat, and Quinine.

What is Imperialism?

When stronger nations take over weaker nations.

What was the first reason for Imperialism?

Economics - Europe was going through an industrial revolution and needed more raw materials, new markets, and new military bases.

What was the second reason for Imperialism?

European countries had strong nationalism and competed to show that they were the strongest country.

What was the third reason for Imperialism?

Balance of Power - Countries wanted to expand and grow in power when they saw that their neighbor was doing the same.

What was the fourth reason for Imperialism?

"White Man's Burden" - Europeans thought that they were more civilized than the native Africans and thought that it was their responsibility to "save" them.

What were the positive effects of Imperialism?

Imperialism brought industrialization, education, medicine, and democracy to Africa.

What were the negative effects of Imperialism?

Imperialism infringed the native peoples' human rights and destroyed their cultures. It also resulting in the mass killing of native people through war and disease.

Where did England colonize and what strategy did they use to accomplish it?

They used a Divide and Conquer strategy to invade and colonize India.

What were the positive effects of Britain colonizing India?

They brought schools and railroads to India and banned sati, the ritual suicide of a wife when her husband died.

Who were the Sepoys?

Indians that fought for the British military in India.

What caused the Sepoy Mutiny?

Britain forced the Sepoys to bite gunpowder cartridges that were coated in animal fat. This disrespected their culture and religious beliefs and caused them to rebel.

How did Europeans conquer land in Africa?

The Berlin Conference made it so that European countries had to declare that they wanted land in Africa and then either make a treaty with the leader of that land or conquer it by force.

Who were the Boers?

Dutch people who lived in southern Africa. They came into conflict with the native Zulu tribe which was led by Shaka Zulu.

Who was Cecil Rhodes and what was his idea?

He was the founder of the De Beers diamond company. He wanted to create a railroad from the north to the south of Africa to make transporting materials and goods more efficient.

What was the Boer War?

A war between the Boers and Britain which started when the British began to construct their railroad in Boer territory. The Boers used Guerrilla warfare to defeat the British.

What is Tribalism?

A strong loyalty towards a cultural group instead of a country. When Europeans conquered Africa they ignored the native peoples' tribalism and divided the continent into borders that did not reflect the cultural or historical boundaries of the native tribes.

How was China self-sufficient?

China had large farms with fast-growing crops and extensive mining and manufacturing industries which helped it not rely on imports from other countries.

What was opium and how did its use change by the late 18th century?

Opium was drug made from poppy seeds that was used as a painkiller, but many people became addicted to it used it for non medical reaons.

What was the Opium War?

The Chinese government outlawed opium and wanted Britain to stop selling it to them. Britain refused and China declared war.

Where were the battles in the Opium War fought and who won?

The battles were fought at sea. Britain dominated China with their advanced gunships.

What were the results of the Opium War?

Britain won the Opium War.