CH: 10 Socioemotional and Moral Development in Early Childhood: Key Concepts and Influences

Erikson's Initiative vs Guilt

Ideally they take initiative to explore the world outside of the dependence of their caregiver and are not weighed down by guilt from failures.

Self-Understanding

The child's cognitive representation of self: the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions.

Young children's self-description

Young children think that the self can be described by physical and material attributes.

Psychological traits in self-descriptions

About 4-5 years of age, they begin to include psychological traits and emotion terms in their own self-descriptions.

Perspective Taking

The social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.

Self-Conscious Emotions

Pride, shame, embarrassment, guilt etc. Self-conscious emotions do not appear to develop until self-awareness appears, which is around 18 months of age.

Emotion-Coaching Parents

Monitor their children's emotion, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions.

Emotion-Dismissing Parents

View their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions.

Moral Development

Development that involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and contentions about what people should do in their interactions with people.

Conscience

An internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of moral thought, feeling, and behavior.

Freud Id/Ego/Superego

Children begin experiencing guilt, empathy, sympathy, and perspective taking.

Heteronomous Morality

The first stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, occurring from approximately 4-7 years of age.

Autonomous Morality

The second stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, displayed by older children (about 10 years of age and older).

Immanent Justice

The expectation that, if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately.

Moral Behavior

Typically children repeat positive behavior when it is rewarded and reduce negative behavior when they are punished.

Gender Identity

The sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.

Gender Role

A set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.

Estrogens

Influence the development of female physical sex characteristics.

Androgens

Promote the development of male physical sex characteristics.

Social Role Theory

A theory that gender differences arise from contrasting roles of men and women.

Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender

Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

Oedipus Complex

A concept for boys where they renounce attraction to the opposite-sex parent and identify with the same-sex parent.

Electra Complex

A concept for girls where they renounce attraction to the opposite-sex parent and identify with the same-sex parent.

Social Cognitive Theory of Gender

A theory that emphasizes that children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation of gender behavior.

Mothers' Socialization Strategies

In many cultures mothers socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible than their sons.

Fathers' Socialization Strategies

Fathers show more attention to sons than to their daughters, engage in more activities with sons, and put forth more effort to promote sons' intellectual development.

Peer Pressure

Support for going against or with gender norms.

Gender Schema Theory

The theory that gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is considered gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture.

Authoritarian Parenting

A restrictive, punitive parenting style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect their work and effort.

Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style in which parents encourage their children to be independent, but still place limits and controls on their actions.

Neglectful Parenting

A style of parenting in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child's life; it is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control.

Indulgent Parenting

A style of parenting in which parents are highly involved with their children but few demands or controls on them.

Child Maltreatment

Includes various forms of abuse and neglect that can affect a child's development.

Physical Abuse

The infliction of physical injury (even if unintended).

Child Neglect

Failure to provide for the child's basic needs (including physical, educational, or emotional).

Sexual Abuse

Includes fondling a child's genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and exploitation.

Emotional Abuse

Includes acts or omissions by parents or other caregivers that have caused, or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems.

Sibling Relationships

Siblings have conflict very often, and how parents react can have an impact.

Types of Play

Includes sensorimotor play, practice play, pretense/symbolic play, social play, constructive play, and games.

Sensorimotor Play

Behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.

Practice Play

Play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required.

Pretense/Symbolic Play

Play in which the child transforms aspects of the physical environment into symbols.

Social Play

Play that involves social interactions with peers.

Constructive Play

Play that combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation.

Games

Activities engaged in for pleasure that includes rules and often competition with one or more individuals.

Screen Time

Includes how much time individuals spend watching television, playing video games, and using computers or mobile media.

Educational Media

Media that provides information for developing schemas/stereotypes.

Promoting Prosocial Behavior

Media that encourages positive social interactions.

Promoting Aggressive Behavior

Media that encourages negative or aggressive actions.

Cohesive vs Non-Cohesive Co-Parenting

Differences in parenting styles between partners that can affect child development.