Oral Communications

Speech Context

- circumstances
- dependent on the number of participants involved

Intrapersonal Communication

- just one
- same person acts as both the sender and receiver

Example of Intrapersonal Communication

when we talk to ourselves

Interpersonal Communication

sender and receiver are two different persons

Dyadic Communication

interpersonal communication

Intimate & Personal

sender and receiver are close to each other

Formal & Impersonal

sender and receiver are acquaintances or strangers

Group Communication

- when there are more than one sender and receiver
- three or more persons

Controlling

- "i don't care"
- contributing factor to the failure of the communication

Egalitarian

- "i have my ideas

Structuring

usually takes charge of everything

Dynamic

encourage or motivate everyone to participate

Relinquishing

keeps their ideas to themselves

Withdrawing

- physically present but mentally absent
- doesn't want to cooperate

Conflict Management Styles

strategies to avoid disagreements in group communication

Competing

- similar to controlling type of person
- initiative to control everything just to get the job done

Avoiding

- similar to relinquishing
- will choose to keep quiet (opposite of competing)

Accommodating

- tries to communicate but when another one disagrees they will stop talking already
- will want to be heard pero di ipaglalaban kapag may nagsalitang iba

Compromising

- gives their take and use at least a portion
- most ideal conflict management style

Collaborating

prefers general agreement

Public Communication

one sender and several receiver

Examples of Public Communication

speeches

Mass Communication

- sender and receiver are far apart to understand each other
- a channel or medium is utilized by the sender

Communication Styles

kind of behavior that is manifested in order to make a person's intentions known

Openly Aggressive Behavior

controlling and competing

Assertive Behavior

egalitarian and accommodating

Passive Aggressive Behavior

relinquishing but actually controlling

Passive Behavior

relinquishing and avoiding

Communication Functions

reasons as to why people communicate to each other

Regulation/Control

communicating with people in order to manage their behavior (we want them to do something)

Example of Regulation/Control

parents telling their children to do household chores

Social Interaction

- we want to form bonds with other people
- to start a conversation just to pass the time but NO intention to have a connection in the future

Example of Social Interaction

students who are new to a school

Motivation

- we want to persuade

Example of Motivation

convincing your parents to buy you something that you like

Emotional Expression

- we want to appeal to the emotions of other people
- therapeutic

Example of Emotional Expression

informal settlers begging their LGUs to speed up the process of distributing financial assistance

Information

- referential communication function
- we have ideas that we want to share with others

Example of Information

the government's regular release of update on the COVID-19 virus

Primary Communication Function

- main agenda
- real intention

Secondary Communication Function

disguises your primary communication function

Informative

equal ranks talking to each other

Instructive

a person of higher rank talking to a person of lower rank

Persuasive

changing of other person's opinion about something

Aesthetic Function

interacts with a goal of forming a deeper relationship with the person

Intercultural Communication

people misunderstanding each other because they came from different cultural backgrounds

Ethnocentrism

- lack of knowledge on cultural differences
- no longer acknowledge the idea that there are other cultures
- thinks that your culture is the best culture to exist

Stereotyping

- lack of knowledge on cultural differences
- when you label a person as like this or that simply because of their cultural background

Tolerance

where you become more patient and understanding of people coming from diverse cultural backgrounds because you have a wider range of knowledge

Social Values

group's expectations from its people

Roles and Status

- contribution
- differences in how people contribute to the society
- each should just function the way it should as dictated by society

Decision-Making Customs

differences in the length of time spent to come up with a decision

Concepts of Time

differences in the value of time

Personal Space

- differences in proximity (person's preferred distance when communicating)
- the distance used by people when communicating is dictated by their culture

Cultural Context

differences in how meaning is conveyed

High Context Culture

place more value in non-verbal forms of communication

Low Context Culture

place more value on verbal forms of communication

Behavior and Manners

differences in the concept of what is rude and polite

Gestures and Body Language

differences in non-verbal meanings

Legal and Ethical

- differences in the laws of the land and society
- moral compass may be different from one culture and another

Corporate Cultural Differences

- cultural differences between companies
- very obvious cultural differences

Proverbs

you can learn about countries by reading their proverbs

Denial

- ethnocentrism
- refuses to accept that there other cultures that exists
- first step in the developmental model of intercultural sensitivity

Defense

- ethnocentrism
- one is already aware of other cultures but they still think that theirs is the best
- aware

Minimization

- aware

Acceptance

- one becomes more appreciative of other cultures
- fourth step in the developmental model of intercultural sensitivity

Adaptation

- already imitating other cultures
- fifth step in the developmental model of intercultural sensitivity

Integration

- able to reflect that there are aspects of your and other cultures that are worth rejecting
- sixth step in the developmental model of intercultural sensitivity

Communication Strategies

systematic technique employed by a speaker to express their meaning when faced with some difficulty - Corder (1981)

Message Abandonment

happens when the speaker just stops talking to express himself/herself

Topic Avoidance

- happens when the speaker tries to change the topic
- when the speaker talks about something else instead of the issue

Use of All-Purpose Words

happens when you use a general expression to refer to an idea you think the other person already knows

Word Coinage

happens when you invent a term based on your knowledge of rules

Literal Translation

happens when you translate a word from one language to another word-per-word

Foreignizing

happens when you pronounce a word in your native language as if it is a word in the target language

Code-Switching

happens when you combine words in your native language and target in ONE sentence

Code-Shifting

speaking a language in a sentence and then another language ulit sa next sentence

Use of (Gap) Fillers

- happens when you try to use unnecessary words in order to stall your message
- ex: uhh

Circumlocution

happens when you try to work your way around an idea by describing it vividly

Approximation

- happens when you try to look for a closely related word
- using synonyms

Use of Non-Verbal Cues

- happens when you try to look for a non-verbal cue
- you mime

Appeal for Help

happens when you ask someone else to explain what it is that you want to say

Perception and Language

reality and language may vary depending on the person and the meaning

Poor Listening

people listen only to what is relevant to them

Emotional Interference

emotions get in the way of what we want to say

Cultural Differences

what is acceptable to one may not be acceptable to another

Physical Distractions

the success of receiving a message may depend on the environment and the medium

Information Overload

too much of something

Incorrect Filtering

information may be twice or thrice removed from the truth

Distortion

- incorrect filtering
- the message becomes completely different when it reaches the receiver
- nagbago na talaga

Fragmentation

- incorrect filtering
- the message is lacking in details
- iba lang kulang

Closed Communication Climate

- misunderstanding between employees and employers
- also happens everywhere

Communication Process

total of six stages

Channel

your choice between verbal and non-verbal communication

Medium

tool or any device that will help you in delivering the message to the receiver

Idea Formulation

- role: sender
- first stage in the communication process
- the sender thinks of a message and decides to share it
- i think stage

Encoding

- role: sender
- second stage in the communication process
- sender transforms the message using verbal and non-verbal communication
- the speaker encodes an idea or converts it into words and actions
- i deliberate stage

Transmission

- role: sender
- third stage of the communication process
- sender gives the message
- i throw stage

Receiving

- role: receiver
- fourth stage of the communication process
- the receiver gets the message
- i obtain stage

Decoding

- role: receiver
- fifth stage of the communication process
- processing and understanding the message
- i interpret stage