psych 1101 exam 4

serial position effect

due to the primacy and recency effect, you tend to remember the first and last items or events in a sequence (i.e. words in a list)

recency effect

cognitive bias where people best recall the final items in a sequence or the most recent information encountered

primacy effect

cognitive bias where people better recall and weigh the first items or information they encounter in a sequence, often forming strong, lasting first impressions

semantic memory

declarative memory responsible for storing general knowledge, facts, concepts, and word meanings independent of personal experience

episodic memory

declarative memory that involves conscious recollection of specific personal experiences, including “what”, “where”, and “when” they occurred; of experienced events

memory storage

capacity for storing long-term memories is essentially limitless

memory consolidation

memories for facts and episodes are processed in the hippocampus and fed to other brain regions for storage

sleep

when hippocampus and brain cortex display rhythmic patterns of activity, as if they are talking to each other

london cab drivers

study for 2-4 years to memorize 25k streets, 20k landmarks and do better in the exam when they have more grey matter in posterior hippocampus (developed??)

cerebellum

brain area forms and stores implicit memories

basal ganglia

deep brain structures involved in motor movement and facilitates formation of our procedural memories

implicit memory

occurs when learning from experience is not accompanied by conscious remembering

procedural memory

skill memory: memory for action, but may have no memory of where or when learned; performing procedures without being consciously aware of how to do them

procedural memory

allows people who cannot form new long-term memories to still learn new skills

episodic memory

example: remembering our family’s vacation at the Grand Canyon

semantic

example: remembering what the capitol of Maine is

procedural skill

example: remembering how to swing a golf club

associative

memory by classical conditioning or fear memory

nonassociative

memory from habituation and sensitization

priming

memory utilizing the power of suggestion

brain network

receives memory components and organizes across locations that encode, store, and retrieve information that forms complex memories

hippocampus

“save” button for explicit memories

associative learning

learning that certain events occur together — events may be 2 stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (operant conditioning)

stimuli

any event or situation that evokes a response

respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

law of effect

thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting a pleasurable stimulus — when stimulus is presented after a response, strengthens a response

negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing an aversive stimulus — when stimulus is removed after a response, strengthens the response

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs, leading to more rapid learning

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement

positive punishment

an event that decreases a behavior by administering a negative stimulus

preparedness

a biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value

instinctive drift

the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

memory

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

recall

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

recognition

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

relearning

learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time

memory strength

speed when recalling, recognizing, or relearning information can indicate this

encode

getting information into the brain/memory system

store

retaining encoded information over time

retrieve

getting information out of memory storage

parallel processing

processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

short-term memory

briefly activated memory of a few items (such as digits of a phone number while calling) that is later stored or forgotten

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system — includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory: conscious, active processing of both (1) incoming sensory information and (2) information retrieved from long-term memory

explicit memories

retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare”

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

implicit memories

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings

iconic memory

a momentary sensory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds

mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

shallow processing

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

deep processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of words; tends to yield the best retention

hippocampus

a neural center in the limbic system that helps process explicit (conscious) memories — of facts and events — for storage

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