HS 200 Exam 2

What determines which ornamental category that a plant fits under(i.e. tree, shrub, vine, ground cover)?

Appearance

Tree

exposed trunk with canopy

Shrub

Multistemmed with branches

Vine

grows upward

Ground cover

grows along the ground. Becomes a vine when it grows upright.

Evergreen

Leaves fall off every 3 to 5 years

Deciduous

Leaves fall off ever year

Tropical

will not tolerate below 32F
(ex: bananas, tomatoes)

Subtropical

tolerates short periods of freezing
(ex:citrus)

Temperate

tolerates long periods of freezing and below
(ex: apples, maples, hollies)

"FFFD" in Raleigh

April 15th(tax day)

"LFFD" in Raleigh

October 31st(halloween)

Annual

1 year growing season, killed by frost
Unless brought inside
Fast to grow and quick to flower

Biennial

Completes life cycle in 2 years
1st year\= vegetative growth
2nd year\=reproductive growth
(ex:carrots, foxglove)

Perennial

Plants that live for more than 3 years
(ex: oak\=woody perennial, asparagus\=herbaceous perennial)

Tender Perennial

May need protection on particularly cold days

Raleigh on the USDA Plant Hardiness Map

Zone 7A and 7B

Volunteers

Die but "set seed" that "overwinter" and come up the next year

Biome

Community of flora and fauna determined by rainfall, temperature, wind and soil.
(ex:forrest, tundra, rainforrest, desert)

6 plant parts

3 Vegetative
Roots
Stems
Leaves

3 Reproductive
Flowers
Fruits
Seeds

3 Vegetative plant parts

Roots, Stems and Leaves

3 Reproductive plant parts

Flowers, Fruits and Seeds

4 Root Functions

Absorption, Anchorage, Transportation, Storage

3 types of roots

Primary, Secondary, Adventitious

Primary root

Stems from seed

Secondary root

Stems from primary and other secondary roots

Adventitious root

Stems from abnormal places such as leaves and stems

Tap Root

grows straight down
large, swollen primary root

Are all tap roots primary?

Yes!

Are all primary roots tap roots?

No!

Tuberous Root

large, swollen secondary root
(ex: Sweet potato)

Aerial Roots

roots that grow above ground
(ex: Orchid)

Epiphitic

Plants that grow on other plants

Symbiotic

2 organisms that depend on eachother to live

4 Functions of stems

Storage, Transportation, Support, Food Production

Prostrate stem

Stems that run along the ground
(ex: iris, bamboo)

Stolon stem

A prostrate stem that runs along the ground and produces a plantlet tip
(ex: strawberries, spiderplants)

Rhizome

Prostrate stem that runs below ground and produces plantlet at tip

Crowns

Area where stem meets the ground
(ex: african iris, asparagus)

Tuber

Large swollen underground stem
(ex irish potato)

How do we distinguish between roots and stems?

Stems have nodes and internodes

Node

Place where leaves come out

Internode

Place between where leaves come out

Budbreak

When the bud breaks and the stem starts to grow

Sweet Potato

-is a root that has an organized system of eyes
-the eyes are nodes

What is the difference between an Irish Potato and a Sweet Potato?

An Irish Potato is a large, swollen underground STEM.
A sweet potato is a ROOT

2 Functions of Leaves

1) Food Production - Primary food producing organ
2) Storage - nutrition and water

Simple leaf

one blade, plus petiole

Petiole

attaches at the node

Pinnately Compound Leaf

-start at the tip of the leaf and look for a bud
-"leaflets" are what make up the compound leaf

Gymnospermes

Can't use terms "simple" or "compound"
Means naked seeds
(ex: conifers, ginko)

4 things necessary for plant growth

Water, Nutrition, Sugar, and Chemical Energy(the sun)

Dry Weight

stuff that the plant is made of
96% sun-sugar
4% soil

Full sun

6+ hours of sunlight

Photosynthesis

gives sugar for building blocks and energy for plant growth

5 Plant Growth Processes

1)Absorption
2)Translocation
3)Photosynthesis
4)Transpiration
5)Respiration

Absorption

passive- movement with no energy, osmosis
It is the diffusion of water across semi-permeable membrane

Fertilizer burn

dehydration on the border of leaves because of high salt level in soil("dessication" injury)

Leaching

water taking nutrients through the soil into the groundwater

What do you do if you over-fertilize?

Treat with copious amounts of water

What are the negatives of over-fertilizing?

Pollution of ground water

Carrier Molecule Theory

Nutrient specific molecules are responsible for nutrient uptake(not sure which parts are responsible)
Energy must be expended
"Active Transport"

Translocation

Movement of materials in the plant from one area to another
Happens in the tube(traecheaphyta)
Xylem, Phloem, Vascular Tissue, Veins

Photosynthesis

Most important process on earth
2 ingredients - H2O and CO2
Makes oxygen and glucose
Energy Source? Light
2 products- Glucose and Oxygen

What are the 2 ingredients of Photosynthesis?

H2O and CO2

Today and 100 years ago

Oxygen-same
CO2- greater
Photosynthetic area- Greater(for every 1 tree cut down, 3 are planted)

Chlorophyll Molecule

-Relies on nitrogen and magnesium
-has a short life
Equation 6CO2+6H2O\=C6H12O6+6O2

What are the 2 Products of Photosynthesis?

Glucose and Oxygen

Chlorophyll

Light sensitive
Production stimulated by light
High intensities destroy chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is inside of the chloroplast

Chlorosis

yellowing due to lack of chlorophyll

Etiolation

grown in dark, no chlorophyll

What do we know about photosynthesis?

-turns sunlight into energy
-photons
-happens in the leaves
-Chlorophyll and chloroplast
-Physical Reaction:Reversible
-Chemical Reaction: Irreversible

Unlimited light intensity

Desert

Very low intensity

Floor of the rainforest

What changes a plants appearance?

light intensity

What color leaves require slightly higher light intensity?

Varigated, yellow and burgundy
-less green, less chlorophyll

Transpiration

-(absorption, osmosis)
-Process where water is absorbed by the roots, translocated through the plant and evaporated through the leaves.
-Cohesion- water sticking to water
-Adhesion- Water to something else

What percentage of the water absorbed by the plant is used for photosynthesis?

Between 1 and 2%
99% is lost in transpiration
As photosynthesis increases, transpiration increases as well(positive correlation)

Why so much transpiration?

Transportation system for nutrients and water
Turgidity-full of water-not for cooling

What are the factors that affect the rate of transpiration?

Relative humidity, Temperature, Air movement

Stomate / Stomata

-organelle of transpiration
-backs of leaves

How many stomata per square centimeter?

10's of thousands per square centimeter on the back of an apple leaf(39,000)

Plants defficient in potassium have

yellow, crispy leaves

What does potassium deficiency cause stomata to do?

open when they're supposed to be closed and close when they're supposed to be open

What happens to the sugars?

Building blocks, storage, chemical synthesis, burned for energy

What effects respiration?

Temperature
-it's the only influencing factor

What effects transpiration?

Humidity, air movement, temperature

Fertilizer

NPK - Nitrogen, Phospherous, Potassium

Respiration

Some of the sugars made are burned yielding chemical energy(ATP)
Light Energy-\>Physical Energy-\>Chemical Energy

E (ATP)

the energy the plant needs to build something like a leaf

Often the greatest limitation with plant growth

Light availability

Flush

when plants put out vegetative growth

Default growth of plant not producing enough sugar

Vegetative growth

Schuleman (Dendrochronologist forrestry)

4000 years old
Bristle cone pines
limestone soil of the Sierra Nevada mountains
Oldest 5067 years old

Venus Fly trap

Dioneae Muscipula
Native to E NC and NE SC
Need nitrogen and phosphorous poor environments
2 terminal lobes, hinged at the midrib
Tricomes- trapping structure of tiny hairs
Stays closed for 12 hours

2 main reasons why plants fail?

1) don't understand their light needs
2) don't understand their soil

What is soil?

Soil\= Stuff+Space
Mineral material- from rock, 10-50 thousand years
Organic Material- anything from living material
Soil organisms- biological component (worms and bacteria)
Space- water and air
Not a living thing- but it does have some living properties

Where does soil come from?

Parent material(rock)
Time
Climate
Topography
Biology

Soil properties

Physical: color, particle size, water
Chemical: nutrient holding ability
Biological: Up to 1 million bacteria, Soil Fungi(mycorrhiza)

What does "healthy" garden soil provide?

Anchorage
Water
Oxygen
Nutrients