BIO 1610 SLCC Final

What makes something "living"?

-gas exchange

-movement

-interacts w environment

-can reproduce

-can adapt/grow/evolve

5 Themes in Book

-organiziation

-information

-matter&energy

-evolution

Taxonomy

the naming and classification of organisms

Species

type of organism

Morphological Species Concept

external form

Biological Species Concept

organisms will interbreed and produce normal, fertile offspring that can survive

Systematics

subfield in biology; study of evolutionary relationships

Metabolism

overall set of chemical reactions (or energy conversions) that take place in a cell or organism

Linnaeus

person who created Binomial System

How to determine an organisms name?

underlined or italicized Genus, species

Hypothesis

is tested; can accept or reject

Theory

idea that is broadly explanatory and studied many times over many years

Atoms

basic building block of matter

Elements

cannot be broken down by chemical reactions

Bohr Model

inner, middle, and outer most shell diagram

Protons

(+), in nucleus, 1 AMU

Electrons

(-), in orbitals or shells, mass is negligible

Neutrons

non-charged, in nucleus, 1 AMU

Atomic Number

number of protons in nucleus

Mass Number

# of protons PLUS # of neutrons

Isotopes

different forms of an element that differ by the Mass Number

Ion

a charged particle that forms when atom GAINS or LOSES an electron

Cation

POSITIVELY charged ion

Anion

NEGATIVELY charged ion

Ionic Bond

when cations and anions attract each other

Ionic Compounds

compounds formed by IONIC BONDS; "salts"

Covalent Bond

SHARING of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

Molecule

two or more atoms held together by COVALENT BONDS

Single Covalent Bonds

ONE pair of electrons are shared

Molecular Formula

tells us the number of the element (H20, CH4, NH3)

Double Covalent Bond

TWO pairs of electrons are shared

Triple Covalent Bond

THREE pairs of electrons are shared

Electronegativity

the attraction of a particular atom for electrons of a COVALENT bond (this differs for each element)

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

when electrons are shared EQUALLY and result in a non-polar molecule (ex: hydrogen gas)

Polar Covalent Bond

when electrons are UNEQUALLY shared and result in a polar molecule (ex: Ammonia)

Hydrogen Bond

a weak bond that forms between OPPOSITELY charged regions of POLAR molecules (only polar bonds can have these)

Van der Waals Interactions

these happen when atoms and molecules are very close together (individually weak)

Chemical Reactions

these are reversible; contain reactants and products

Cohesion

when hydrogen bonds hold together the substance (ex: surface tension)

Adhesion

clinging of one substance to another due to hydrogen bonding (ex: capillary action)

Acids

a solute that INCREASES the hydrogen concentration when dissolved in water (has pH level 1-6)

Bases

a solute that DECREASES the hydrogen concentration when dissolved in water (has pH level 8-14)

Mole

6.02x10E23; equivalent to the atomic number in grams

Carbohydrates

sugars & polymers of sugars, source of energy or structural molecules

Hydroxyl Group (-OH)

name: alcohol

example: ethanol

Carboxyl Group (-COOH)

name: carboxylic acid or organic acid

example: acetic acid

Carbonyl Group (>C=O)

name: Ketone or Aldehyde

example: acetone and propanal

Amino Group (-NH2)

name: amine

example: Glycine

(basic groups, amino acids)

Sulfhydryl Group (-SH)

name: Thiol

example: cysteine

(disulfide linkages)

Phosphate Group (-OPO32-)

name: organic phosphate

example: glycerol phosphate

Methyl Group (-CH3)

name: methylated compound

example: 5-Methylcytosine

Monosaccharides

-simple sugars, many types, source of energy, used as building blocks (ex: Pentose Sugars, Hexose Sugars)

-Alpha Ring Form, Beta Ring Form

-dehydration and hydrolysis reactions

Disaccharides

-two monosaccharides joined by GLYCOSIDIC linkage (ex: maltose, sucrose, lactose)

Glycosidic Linkage

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a DEHYDRATION reaction

Oligosaccharides

-formed by joining "a few" monosaccharides

-includes disaccharides

Polysaccharides

-macromolecules

-polymers with a few hundred to few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Storage Polysaccharides

-macromolecules

-plants and animals store sugars for later in this form

-STARCH from plants

-GLYCOGEN from muscle cells

Structural Polysaccharides

-CELLULOSE in plants

-CHITIN in fungi and insects

Lipids

-do not include true polymers

-do not mix well with water (non polar)

-mostly hydrocarbon regions

-examples: triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids, terpenoids

Triglycerides

-fats and oils

-consist of 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

-energy storage molecules

Phospholipids

-consist of 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group joined by covalent bonding to a glycerol

-used to build cellular membranes

-heads are hydroPHILIC

-tails are hydroPHOBIC

Steroids

-don't contain fatty acids

-4 hydrocarbon rings

-examples: cholesterol, testosterone, progesterone

Waxes

-nonpolar

-hard at room temp.

-usually used for waterproofing

Carotenoids/Terpenoids

-many types

-examples: Beta-carotene, lycopene

Proteins

-macromolecules

-polymers of amino acids

-have many peptide linkages

-polypeptides

-very precise

-globular shaped

-many functions

-structurally complex

Amino Acids

-organic molecules including an AMINO group, CARBOXYL group, carbon atom @ center, hydrogen atom, and variable group (R)

Denaturation

changing the shape of a protein (also changing its function)

Primary Structure

-amino acid sequence of a polypeptide/protein

-maintained by peptide linkages

-like a grocery list

Secondary Structure

-made by the regular COILING/FOLDING of polypeptide/proteins into a Alpha Helix &/or Beta-pleated sheet

-maintained by hydrogen bonds

Tertiary Structure

-produced by the folding of Alpha Helix/Beta-pleated sheet into a globular configuration

-maintained by various bonds such as: covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, etc.

Quaternary Structure

-produced by joining 2 or more polypeptides

-maintained by a variety of interactions

-functions include: hormones, respiratory pigments, membrane structure (transport receptors), storage, toxins, catalysts

Enzymes

-lower the Ea

-take reactions to a "transition state"

-speed up chemical reactions without being consumed

-control metabolism

Nucleic Acids

-polymers of nucleotides

-macromolecules

Nucleotides

made of Pentose Sugar (DNA & RNA), a Phosphate Group, and a Nitrogenous Base

Purines

Adenine (A) & Guanine (G)

Pyrimidines

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U)

DNA

-made of 2 polynucleotides wound up imaginary axis

-forms double helix

-2 sugar phosphate backbones

-run in opposite 5' to 3' directions (ANTIPARALLEL)

-strands held together by hydrogen bonds between bases

-LOCATED IN NUCLEOID

-genetic molecule of cell

RNA

-made of single strands

-shape depends on type (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA)

-thymine (T) is not present

Common Features of ALL Cells

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytosol, ribosomes, DNA

Prokaryotic Cells

-small and simple

-do not contain Nucleus

-Cell Wall, Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Ribosomes, DNA, Flagellum

Cell Wall

-nonliving layer

-Peptidoglycans (BACTERIA)

-regulate water balance and provide structure

Coccus

spherical shape common for bacteria cell wall

Bacillus

rectangular shape common for bacteria cell wall

Spirillum

spiral shape common for bacteria cell wall

Plasma Membrane

-bounds the cytoplasm

-phospholipid bilayer

-regulates movements of solutes in & out of cell

Cytoplasm

-living stuff of cell

-site of general metabolism

-includes cytosol, ribosomes, DNA

Cytosol

background fluid of cell

Ribosomes

-tiny solid particles formed from proteins and RNA

-contains subunits

-site of TRANSLATION

Flagellum

threadlike extension of cell used to generate movement with "hook and motor"

Eukaryotic Cells

-large and complex

-DNA in nucleus

-complex system of organelles

-complex cytoskeleton

Nucleus

-large compartment separated from cytoplasm by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

-control center of cell

Nuclear Envelope

-has 2 layers of membrane perforated by nuclear PORES

-contains most of cell's DNA

-contains linear strands complexed with HISTONE PROTEIN (chromosome)

Mitochondria

-large organelles bounded by 2 layers of membrane

-inner membrane folded into CRISTAE

-contains Matrix

-site of ATP formation by Aerobic Respiration

Matrix

-contains small loop of DNA (mtDNA)

Plastids

-found in plants and algae

-contain STROMA

-3 main types: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts

Chloroplasts

contain complex membrane system consisting of flattened SACS (Thykaloids) in STACKS (Grana) and is the site of photosynthesis

Chromoplasts

contain non-photosynthetic pigments (green) for ecological purposes

Leucoplasts

non-pigmented plastids that are used for energy storage (ex: oils, proteins, starch found in amyloplasts)

Endosymbiotic Theory

Mitochondria and Plastids originated from free living bacteria that were taken up by endocytosis but NOT digested (established a mutual relationship)

Symbiotic Relationships

-Mutualism (++)

-Commensalism (+0)

-Parasitism (+-)