Eduqas History: Germany in Transition - The Nazi rise to power and the end of the Weimar Republic

When was the DAP formed?

In the aftermath of WWI

What did the early DAP contain?

Right wing nationalists who wanted volkisch (pure German society)

Did the early DAP have some socialists? If they did, give examples

Yes - they wanted to have no classes and restrict company profits

Who was the founder of the DAP?

Drexler

When did Adolf Hitler join the DAP?

September 1919

When did Hitler and Drexler write the 25 point programme?

1920

What was the 25 point programme in general?

A political manefesto

What happened as a result of the 25 point programme to the DAP's name?

It changed to the NSDAP (NS = National Socialist)

When did Hitler become leader of the NSDAP?

July 1921

What was the NSDAP membership in June 1920?

1100

What was the NSDAP membership in November 1923?

55,000

What was NSDAP membership at the end of 1928?

more than 100,000

Name some points within the 25 point programme

Scrap the ToV, Religious freedom for all except Jews, citizenship given to all except Jews, right to vote for German citizens only, government to profit-share in major industries, government to nationalise corporations, all newspapers to be German

Name some changes Hitler made when he became the leader of the NSDAP

Swastika as the emblem, use of right arm salute

What was the SA's nickname?

Stormtroopers/ brown shirts

Who led the SA?

Ernst Rohm

What was the role of the SA?

To protect Nazi speakers and to disrupt social/democratic/communist party gatherings

How did membership of the SA change from 1931 to 1932?

100,000 members in January 1931 increased to 170,000 in 1932

During 1921-23, where was the NSDAP located?

Bavaria

Name the 4 key ideas in Mein Kampf

Abolition of the ToV, eliminate all Jews from Germany, gain Lebensraum, creation of people's community

Name the German word for people's community

Volksgemeinschaft

What did Hitler believe that led to him wanting to eliminate all Jews from Germany?

All the ills in German society were caused by Jews

What does Lebensraum mean?

Living space

Why does Hitler want Lebensraum?

To create a Greater Germany where all German speaking people are united in one nation

Why does Hitler want Volksmeinschaft?

He wants the strong races (Aryans) to dominate the weaker ones (Jews)

When was the Bamberg Conference?

1926

What did Hilter achieve in the Bamburg conference?

He beat his rivals to remain party leader

Name some of Hitler's rivals in the Bamburg Conference

Gregor Strasser, Josef Goebbels

How did Hitler pacify his beaten rivals?

He made Strasser Party Propaganda Leader and Goebbels the Gauleiter (leader) of Berlin

What does Hitler do in terms of the SA at the Bamberg Conference?

He forces Rohm out and replaces him with Ernst von Salomon

Why did Hitler force Rohm out?

He doesn't trust Rohm to control the violence of the SA

Name 2 other things that happened at the Bamberg Conference

Hitler created the SS which was his own bodyguard unit, he started the Hitler Youth to rival other youth groups

When did Hitler become Fuhrer of the Nazi Party?

1926

What does Fuhrer mean?

undisputed leader

What was the first thing Hitler did when he became Fuhrer of the NSDAP?

He made the 25 point programme the cornerstone of his policy and pushed to increase and improve propaganda

What part of the 25 point programme did Hitler change in 1928?

He changed one of the points so that only land owned by Jews should be confiscated

How many members did the NSDAP have in 1925?

27,000

How many members did the NSDAP have by the end of 1928?

more than 100,000

In the 1924 election, how many seats did the NSDAP win?

32

In the 1928 election, how many seats did the NSDAP win?

12

Why did the number of seats the Nazis win decrease from 1924 to 1928?

People were happy with the Weimar government; it was the Golden Age and Stresemann had won a Nobel Peace Prize.

Why did the Nazis have a greater appeal from 1929 onwards?

The Wall Street Crash created unemployment, which attracted more people to Nazi ideals

When was the Munich Beer Hall Putsch?

November 1923

What was the 2 triggers to the Munich Beer Hall Putsch?

Stresemann gave into the French over the Ruhr, Hitler thought that he had the support of the Bavarian government to destroy Weimar

Hitler thought he had the support of von Kahr for the Munich Beer Hall Putsch. Who was he?

The head of the government of Bavaria

Hitler had the support of General Ludendorff for the Munich Beer Hall Putsch. Who was he?

Former Commander-in-Chief of the army, who was really popular

What happened on 8 Nov 1923?

Hitler and some SA men interrupted a public meeting led by von Kahr and declared that he was taking over local government

What happened on 9 Nov 1923?

Hitler and 3000 supporters were confronted by 100 armed policemen, with 16 dead, Hitler wounded, arrested and the putsch collapsed

2 reasons why the Nazis failed with their putsch

Hitler didn't get the support he expected from von Kahr, the Nazis weren't well-known outside Munich

What happened to Hitler after being arrested?

He was jailed for 5 years

How much of Hitler's jail sentence did he serve?

9 months

Where was Hitler imprisoned?

Landsberg

When did Hitler's jail trial begin?

26 February 1924

How long did Hitler's trial last?

25 days

What did Hitler do with his trial time?

Aided by radio and newspaper coverage, he held forth, earning the overwhelming support of German people

Why did Hitler become popular through his trials?

He appealed to the German people's concerns, and brought the hatred of the November Criminals and the ToV back into people's minds; he was a captivating, inspiring public speaker

What did his appeals in his trial do?

It turned an easy closed case of treason into a condemnation of the German government

When did Hitler publish Mein Kampf?

1925

By 1933, how many copies of Mein Kampf had been sold?

240,000

After Hitler left prison, how did his approach to gaining power change?

He wanted to achieve it through legal democratic means rather than through an uprising to seize power

What did Hitler say he had to do to win the support of the German people?

"Hold our noses and enter the Reichstag"

What did Hitler say about the ToV in his trial?

"There can be no question in an action which aims to undo the betrayal of this country in 1918"

Why was Stresemann's death important?

Germans felt only he could steer Germany through troubled times again; they felt lost

What happened as a direct result of the withdrawal of the Dawes Plan?

International trade contracted so German exports fell rapidly so unemployment rose

Why did unemployment rise?

Factories closed, demand reduced

What happened to unemployment relief?

It was financed by the government, but as their revenues shrunk relief did too

What is the abbreviation for the German Communist Party?

KPD

Who became chancellor of Germany in March 1930?

Heinrich Bruning (Centre Party)

Why was Article 48 used a lot and how did this impact democracy?

The Depression was a national emergency so the President got more power; this reduced the use of the Reichstag and is often viewed as the death of the Weimar Republic

When Bruning became chancellor, did he have a majority?

No

What was the result of the election in September 1930?

The Nazis had 107 seats and became the second biggest party (after the Social Democrats who got 143 seats)

How did the September 1930 election affect Bruning?

He lost more support and relied on Hindenburg using Article 48 to keep Bruning as chancellor

What was Bruning's nickname?

Hunger Chancellor

Why did Bruning get his nickname?

He reduced government spending which led to shortages of food: this happened 3 times in 16 years

When did Bruning resign?

May 1932

How did the KPD develop 1930 onwards?

Biggest communist party in Europe and maintained a solid electoral performance, usually polling more than 10% of the vote

When did the KPD start contesting elections?

1924

Who was the KPD's new leader?

Thalmann

In the November 1932 election, how much % of the vote did the KPD get?

13.2%

In the November 1932 election, how much % of the vote did the Nazis get?

30.1%

Why were the KPD attractive to many Germans?

Communist ideals of sharing wealth, food and equality attracted many

How many days did the Reichstag sit for in 1930?

94

How many days did the Reichstag sit for in 1932?

13

How many Presidential Decrees were there in 1930?

5

How many Presidential Decrees were there in 1932?

66

What Nazi ideals attracted Germans during the Depression?

Scrapping the ToV and equality

Name 6 factors why Nazi support grew 1930-1933

Propaganda, success in elections, 1932 Presidential election, Financial support, SA, Hitler's electoral appeal

Detail about propaganda 1930-33

By 1930 Nazis had 120 newspapers that promoted them, also used poster and radio propaganda

Why is Goebbels important when talking about propaganda?

He knew exactly when, where and how to use it

Why did the use of propaganda increase Nazi support 1930-33?

It reached many Germans in different places and the repetition reinforced the message

Nazi seats won in September 1930

107

Nazi seats won in July 1932

230

Why did the success in elections increase Nazi support 1930-33?

They had increases support, which increased strength and confidence

Detail about 1932 Presidential election

While campaigning, Hitler used aeroplanes to visit 5 cities in a day; Hitler won 37% of the vote (second round he got 13,420,000 votes)

Why did the 1932 Presidential election increase Nazi support 1930-33?

It shows growth and progress of the NSDAP, making it easier and more likely to succeed in elections

Financial support detail for why Nazi support increased

Industrialists like Krupp and Bosch were scared of communism and the increasing strength of trade unions so funded Hitler to beat the communists

In 1932, how many copies of the Nazi economic programme were produced and distributed?

600,000

Who was Hugenberg and what did he let Hitler do?

He was the leader of the National Party who let Hitler publish articles attacking Bruning in his newspapers

Why did the financial help increase Nazi support 1930-33?

Allowed lots of propaganda to be made, increasing brand awareness

Detail about SA 1930-33

Rohm reappointed leader Jan 1931, causing membership to increase from 100,000 to 170,000 in 1932