TECH 1 - chapter 4/5 - tools/antemortem + postmortem

Scalpel

to precisely incise or excise soft tissue with the least amount of trauma

hemostats

forceps instrument during surgery to retract tissue, remove small root tips, clamp off blood vessels, and grasp objects

Scalpel Handle

Used to hold the scalpel blade.

hypo-injector

aspirator

used to withdraw fluid, especially from body cavities, cysts, or joints (THE SUCTION)

trocar

sharply pointed surgical instrument used in cavity embalming to aspirate the cavities and inject cavity fluid; the trocar may also be used for supplemental hypodermic embalming

arterial Tube

tube that goes from the machine to the cannula

Cannula

a small hollow tube for insertion into a body cavity, duct, or vessel

why can't we inject veins?

they have one-way check valves.

tank

the receptacle that holds the embalming fluid.

aneurysm Hook

an embalming instrument that is used for blunt dissection and in raising vessels

Autoclave

Piece of equipment used to sterilize articles by way of steam under pressure and/or dry heat

freer elevator

Cutting and Dissecting; Lifts the periosteum from bone or retracts in confined spaces

nasal aspirator

Removes purge material directly from the nasal cavity, mouth, and throat via suction

order of brain death

cerebral cortex (abt. 6 mins) --> midbrain --> brain stem

antemortem

occurring before death

postmortem

occurring before death

Agonal death

struggle to breathe, very weak, can't swallow, fingers become cold, change in color, saliva rattles in throat.

Stages of Somatic Death

Clinical death, brain death, biological death, postmortem cellular death

Somatic Death

death of the entire person

2) Brain Death

when the brain must function without oxygen. a diagnosis of death based on the cessation of all signs of brain activity, as measured by electrical brain waves

3) Biological Death

the cessation of simple body processes

1) Clinical Death

a short interval follows in which heartbeat, circulation, breathing, and brain functioning stop, but resuscitation is still possible

4) Post-Mortem Cellular Death

4th stage of somatic death

-the process of complete cellular death may take several hours, depending factors (size, medications, environment)

-cells of the nervous system die quickly

-muscular cells tend to die very slowly

Progression of Somatic Death: Changes during the Agonal Period

2 temperature changes

3 circulatory changes

2 moisture changes

Temperature changes during the Agonal period

Agonal Algor

Agonal Fever

Agonal Algor

decrease in body temperature immediately before death

Agonal Fever

increase in body temperature immediately before death, common with infection, toxemia, and in certain types of food poisoning

Three circulatory changes in the agonal period

Agonal Hypostasis

Agonal Coagulation

Agonal Capillary Expansion

Two moisture changes during the agonal period

Agonal Edema

Agonal Dehydration

Agonal Hypostasis

settling of blood into the dependent tissues of the body

Agonal Coagulation

change from a fluid into a thickened mass of blood immediately before death

Agonal Capillary Expansion

opening of the pores in the walls of the capillaries occurs as the body attempts to get more oxygen to the tissues and cells.

Agonal Edema

escape of blood serum from an intravascular to an extravascular location immediately before death (swelling)

Agonal Dehydration

the loss of moisture from the living body during the agonal state

Necrobiosis vs Necrosis

Necrosis is a result of a disease!!

Necrobiosis

refers to the physiologic or natural death of cells as they complete their life cycles.

Necrosis

pathological death of cells resulting of a disease process