Perspectives Final Exam Terms - Fall 2025

This model of the universe was the most-accepted in ancient cultures

Geocentric model

He known for being the person who proposed a heliocentric model

Copernicus

This ancient architectural structure marked the winter solstice in Ireland

Newgrange

Ancient cultures use the sky as for numerous purposes including as a

Clock and Compass

Aristarchus used ______ to determine the size of the sun, earth, and moon

Trigonometry and angles

He is known for his anatomical and physiological discoveries from around 200 CE, and also believed that food was "cooked" in the stomach

Galen

He believed that diets, habits, and environment caused disease and is often referred to as the "Father of Medicine."

Hippocrates

He studied eclipses to estimate the size of the moon and sun

Aristarchus

He stated what became known as the Law of Conservation of Matter

Empedocles

He wrote Naturalis Historia ("Natural History"), the first encyclopedia of all scientific knowledge

Pliny the Elder

This ancient library held thousands of books, scrolls, and writings during the Islamic Golden Age in modern day Iraq. It was known as Bayt Al-Hikmah and was destroyed by the Mongols.

The House of Wisdom

This Arab scholar is known for writing over 140 books on animals and ecosystems

Al-Jahiz

This philosopher known as the "Philosopher of the Arabs" introduced Hindu numerals (now referred to as "Arabic" numerals, like 1,2,3,4, etc.) to the Islamic world.

Al-Kindi

This Islamic astronomer explained planetary movement with a model of two intersecting circles.

Al-Tusi

This Indian physician dissected human bodies to learn anatomy and physiology. He also wrote instructions for the first known rhinoplasty and invented over 200 surgical tools.

Sushruta

This ancient document explained the three core physiological principles (doshas) that govern the body, and a person's health depends on a balance between them.

Charaka Samhita

He described gravity as an attractive force

Brahmagupta

By what medium was information passed down before modern technologies?

Bark, palm leaves, word of mouth

He is known as the Indian "Father of Medicine" and proposed that the heart is the control center of the body

Charaka

This ancient Indian astronomer calculated that a day is 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4.1 seconds.

Aryabhata

The development of this ore enabled ancient civilizations to make spears, plows, and other valuable tools.

Iron

In the smelting tradition, what did iron symbolize when put into a furnace?

A child that was going to be birthed from the mother (the furnace)

In Africa, men and menstruating women were not allowed near these

Kilns or sources of clay

This natural resin was used in Africa to treat bacteria

Gum Arabic

He warned about the anesthetic properties of opium poppy

Ibn Sina

This was used in Australia as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial

Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca)

This can reduce inflammation by preventing lipid peroxidation

Cardamom

In Old Medicine, this orange spice was known as the "wonder drug of life"

Turmeric

What important innovation in the medical field was discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen?

X-rays

He created and popularized the smallpox vaccine

Edward Jenner

What did William T. G. Morton use ether for in 1846?

Tooth extraction

Who first isolated the blood-sugar-regulating hormone?

Frederick Banting and Charles Best

Who encouraged hand washing that helped maternal death rates plummet?

Ignaz Semmelweis

Who was the main inventor who was a proponent of alternating current?

Tesla

Who was the main inventor who was a proponent of direct current?

Edison

This type of electrical current ultimately won the "Current War"

Alternating current (AC)

He discovered electromagnetic induction

Michael Faraday

This tool revolutionized early experiments with electricity and was the first practical device to store and release a significant amount of electricity at once.

The Leyden Jar

She was able to predict lunar eclipses and said she had the power to make the moon disappear from the sky

Aglaonice

She was an astronomer educated by her father; She used a telescope (newly invented) to illustrate the phases of the moon.

Maria Clara Eimmart

She was the first woman to earn a doctorate in science, and she researched medical applications of electricity

Laura Bassi

She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize; She coined the word "radioactivity" and discovered polonium and radium

Marie Curie

She discovered the crystal structure of penicillin, insulin, and cholesterol

Dorothy Hodgkin

What year was Indus Valley Civilization

3300 BCE

What year was Stonehenge

3100 BCE

What year was Iron Smelting in Africa

2500 BCE

What year was Ebers of Papryus in Egypt

1550 BCE

What year was Rigveda

1250 BCE

What year was Sushruta Samhit

600 BCE

What year was Thales

500 BCE

What year was Hippocrates

400 BCE

What year was Aristotle

350 BCE

What year was Aristarchus

250 BCE

What year was Kanada

200 BCE

What year was Ptolemy

100 CE

What year was Galen

200 CE

What year was House of Wisdom

790 CE

What year was Al-Razi

900 CE

What year was Hildegard of Bingen

1150 CE

What year was Al-Tusi

1270 CE

What year was Copernicus

1543 CE

What year was Galileo

1615 CE

What year was Marie Genevieve Charlotte Thiroux d’Arconville

1766 CE