Gilded Age & Progressive Era Test

Gilded Age timeframe

1870-1900

who coined the gilded age name

Mark Twain-the book "The Gilded Age"

what object is compared to this time period?

a golden apple that is rotten on the inside

reasons for industrialization

-Cheap and available natural resources→Coal, Iron, Wood, Oil
-Growing urban/city population
-New inventions and industries
-Entrepreneurs
-US Government support

gilded age inventions

-light bulb
-motion picture
-organized power plants
-telephone
-streetcar
-telegraph
-camera
-assembly line
-airplane
-typewriter
-radio

symbol of the modern city

skyscrapers

symbol of the polarization of wealth in the cities

wealthy-high rise apartments
poor-slums

What were the two methods used by business leaders during the Gilded Age to create a product and/or control an industry?

Horizontal & Vertical Integration

Horizontal Integration

capitalizing on 1 single component of an industry but doing it with such single-mindedness that it drives other competitors out of business
Ex. Rockefeller in Oil

Vertical Integration

the process of cornering a particular market by controlling all aspects from production to distribution Ex. Carnegie in Steel

Vanderbilt

Railroads

Rockefeller

Standard Oil

Carnegie

steel

Morgan

banking

Ford

automobile, assembly line

What was the single greatest purchase of a company during the Gilded Age?

In 1901, banker JP Morgan purchased Carnegie Steel for 480 million, which made Carnegie one of the richest men. This eventually represented US steel, began the first billion dollar corp.

captain of industry characteristics

-A business leader whose means of amassing personal wealth contributed positively to society in some capacity:
-Increase the availability of goods by building factories
-Expands markets and creates more jobs
-Help raise the standard of living
-Practices philanthropy (charity)
-Bailed government out

robber baron characteristics

-Applied to businessmen who used their exploitative practices to amass their wealth:
-Drains the country of its natural resources
-Corrupts public officials to interpret law in their favor
-Drives competition to ruin→monopolies
-Price-fixing
-Long hours, low wages, dangerous, and unhealthy conditions

message of the Gospel of Wealth

Moral obligation to distribute money to promote welfare and happiness of the common man-Carnegie

Bessemer Process

-the process by which pig iron is formed into steel
-Purified iron to make steel, a lighter, more flexible, rust-resistant metal
-Used in railroads, farm equipment, construction, etc.
-Skyscrapers, Brooklyn Bridge
-1st person to apply this in the US was Andrew Carnegie

Laissez-faire

Hands off government approach created large powerful corporations that could control prices, erase competition through monopolies, and manipulate politicians

Monopoly

exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service

Do-Nothing Congress

scholars referred to this time as this because only 5 bills were enacted in 25 years, and the presidents were also not very active

Spoils System

when a political party wins an election and gives government jobs to its supporters, friends, and relatives

Pendleton Act

tried to reform the civil service sector through the creation of a civil service commission, 10% of civil service jobs became subject to rigorous screening

Sherman Antitrust Act

-1st federal legislation to break up trusts and monopolies
-1st went after Rockefeller and successfully broke up his monopoly on oil, but Rockefeller made more money this way

old immigrants

-10 million
-Northern and Western Europe: Ireland, Germany, Sweden
-Mostly Protestant, Spoke English
-Irish potato Famine
-Farmland in America
-Political and Freedom
-Most had some money and a little education/training
-Went to the east coast port cities and then headed west
-More likely to assimilate and encouraged by native-born Americans
-1st group to be discriminated against: Irish

New Immigrants

-About 24 million
-Southern and Eastern Europe: Czech, Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, and also Asian
-Culturally different
-Catholic, Jews, Orthodox
-Retained language
-Settled in cities on East and West Coast
-Economic, religious, political
-Not much money or education→unskilled
-Less likely to assimilate (to adopt and accept traditions, values, and beliefs of the majority group)
-1st anti-immigration legislation emerges against Chinese (Chinese Exclusion Act)
-Xenophobia→fear of immigrants
-Feelings of dislike, prejudice, and injustice

Ellis Island

-1892-1954
-New York City
-Estimated 12 million mainly frm Europe came to the US where they were processed and determined whether or not they were eligible to stay
-Processing could take hours

Angel Island

-1910-1940
-San Francisco, CA
-Mainly Chinese immigrants along with others from Asia (estimated 175,000)
-Conditions were much harsher here than on Ellis Island, had to prove family relations in the US on paper
Processing could take weeks-months

Chinese Exclusion Act

-10-year ban based on Chinese immigrant workers (extended until 1943)-here for better job opportunities
-First US law that restricted immigration by race
-Prevented those here from becoming a citizen
-Exceptions made for those who could prove a skill

Gentlemen's Agreement

Limited Japanese emigration

1st Transcontinental Railroad

-1,911 mile continuous railroad that connected the Eastern US rail network with the Pacific Coast
-built by Chinese and Irish Immigrants
-Chinese will protest unfair labor conditions
-lead to the Chinese Exclusion Act

the purpose behind the labor unions and common goals

to ensure fair wages and better working conditions
Goals:
-8 hour work day
-fair wages
-better working conditions

tactics used by labor unions

-Strikes
-Boycotts
-Work Slowdowns
-Pickets

American Federation League: members and Leader

-Samuel Gompers, 1881
-Skilled workers (kept membership #'s down)
-Work within political system for change
-Tactics: Negotiate first→strike if needed, walkouts, boycott, closed shop (hire union workers only), and collective bargaining
-Favored strong immigration policy→too many unskilled

Haymarket Riot & its connection to the Knights of Labor

-Chicago Police showed up at one of the protests to break up a fight and open fired
-This caused more people to come back the next day
-Someone in the protest threw a bomb, police open fired, and the protesters fired back
-170 people were injured and 10 policemen were killed
-8 men were arrested for the bombing
-led to the decline of the knights of labor

Great Strike of 1877

-Panic of 1873-severe recession
-Forced many companies to cut wages
-The Baltimore and Ohio
-Railroads had to cut their wages three times
-workers walked out all over the country
-governors sent in militia
-pushed to end the Chinese Exclusion Act

Homestead Strike

-Andrew Carnegie's steel mill
-Henry Clay Frink, proposed cutting wages by 20% at a steel mill
-He locked out employees who were part of Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers and brought in replacements
-clash with the Pinkertons
-governor sent in militia

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

146 women were killed while locked in the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions and changed safety standards in factories)

2 groups that came BEFORE the Populist Party

The Grange and The Farmers Alliance

The nickname for the populist party

people's party

group of people and the concerns they addressed

Movement to gain more political and economic power for common people (struggling farmers and laborers)

Dorothy

She represents American populism growing out of Kansas.

Scarecrow

The Scarecrow represents farmers in rural America. He has very little education but is honest and is always supporting Dorothy which shows farmers support for populism.

Tin Man

The Tin Man represents industrial workers who have lost their ambition and heart due to mechanization. They also need oil to keep going on with their daily lives and if they don't have it, they will lose their jobs.

Cowardly Lion

The cowardly Lion represents William Jennings Bryan who was a Democrat and populist candidate for the elections of 1896 and 1900. Bryan was loud and a great speaker, but he was cowardly in his lack of support for the Spanish-American War.

Dorothy's Slippers

In the book, Dorothy's slippers are actually silver and they represent how many populists believed that the coinage of silver would solve their money problems.

Glinda the Good Witch of the South

Glinda the Good Witch symbolizes the U.S. south because the Democratic south supported Bryan or the Cowardly Lion.

Wicked Witch of the West

The Wicked Witch of the West represents the drought.

Wicked Witch of the East & the Munchkins

The Wicked Witch of the East represents the Wall Street bankers and also President Grover Cleveland who supported the gold standard and imposed free silver. The Munchkins were the people of the east who wanted to keep the gold standard in place.

Yellow Brick Road

The Yellow Brick Road represents the gold standard. Many people believed that ending the gold standard would fix all of their problems. The populists had to overcome many obstacles on their path to Washington D.C. or the Emerald City.

Wizard of Oz and Emerald City

The Wizard of Oz represents the politicians in Washington D.C. or the Emerald City who tricked people into believing that they were too great and powerful when they were not. It is called the Emerald City because the green of money overshadows everything in it.

Populism stance of bimetallism

they wanted it-it would increase money supply and help pay off loans

progressive stance of bimetallism

didn't want it

2 reasons why the populist party declined as a viable 3rd political party

-they backed William Jennings Bryan who lost the election
-McKinley went against a lot of what the populists stood for

Populists v. Progressives

-Populists (People's Party)--rural
-Progressives--Cities
-Populists were typically poor and uneducated
-Progressives were middle-class and educated
-Populists were view as too radical
-Progressives started within the political mainstream
-Populists failed
-Progressives succeeded

goals of the populists

-Make government more democratic
-Direct election of senators and a secret ballot to stop cheating in voting
-Have money back by silver and gold (bimetallism)-it would increase money supply and help pay off loans

goals of the progressives

-Make the US government responsive to ALL the people--not just the urban society.
-Farmers, poor, non-urban areas felt ignored (echoed in the 2016 election)
-Government regulating the industry
-Expand voting rights
-Have more of a say in candidates
-Prohibition and the Temperance Movement (prohibit/limit alcohol)
-Improve worker's rights and conditions for poor and immigrants
-Clean up the cities (urbanization→were modern but gross)
-End segregation and Jim Crow laws (ended up being the greatest limitation of the Progressive Era)

muckrakers main occupation

journalists

muckrakers purpose

exposed corruption and abuse in politics, business, consumer safety, working conditions, etc.

Thomas Nast

-political cartoons
-wanted to show the corruption and abuse within politics through his drawings that depicted how businesses had power over the government
-he influenced the nations vote and affected the election of 6 presidential elections

Jacob Riis

-"How the Other Half Lives"
-Showed the living conditions of the poor population in New York
-Urban areas were reformed, plumbing added, slums torn down

Ida Tarbell

-"The History of Standard Oil" in McClure's Magazine
-Authored biographies of several important businessmen -wrote a series of articles about tariffs
-Exposed Standard Oil and Rockefeller's brutal business practices
-Revealed abuses of the Standard Oil Trust in 1904.
-Influenced the passage of key legislation that strengthened protections for workers and consumers.
-Helped end the standard oil monopoly

John Spargo

-"The Bitter Children Cry"
-This book was meant to expose the terrible working conditions of child laborers
-This uncovered the ins and outs of child labor and horrible things that were being done to them
-It also brought attention to the importance of nutrition in young children

Florence Kelley

-Modern Industry in Relation to the Family, Health, Education & Morality
-She wanted to expose and end many social problems such as labor and racial discrimination
-Helped organize the (NAACP) National Advancement of Colored People
-National American Woman Suffrage Association
-National Labor Committee founded

Keating-Owen Act

prohibited the interstate shipment of goods produced in factories or mines in which children under age 14 were employed or adolescents between ages 14 and 16 worked more than an eight-hour day.

Upton Sinclair

-"The Jungle"
-Book describes the evils of capitalism
-Raised public awareness of the unsanitary conditions in food processing plants and the resulting danger of tainted food
-White House started receiving 100 letters a day demanding a Federal cleanup of the meat industry
-Passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act
-The Meat Inspection Act
-These two acts change the relationship between government and business=n longer Laissez-Faire

Ida Wells Barnett

-Black muckraker (lynching), suffragist
-Sued the state of Tennessee for making her give up her seat in a train car, but the case was overturned by the Supreme Court
-Scathing articles reduced lynching by 25%
-Challenged the women's suffrage movement to equally include black women

Social Gospel

-Christian obligation to help those less fortunate and improving quality of life would improve morals in society
-rejects Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest)
-YMCA/YWCA-Young Men's/Women's Christian Association
-Salvation Army

Women's Christian Temperance Union accomplishment

-passage of the 18th Amendment that made the sale, transport, and manufacture of alcohol illegal in the United States

Jane Addams

-wealthy Chicago women, established settlement houses to serve the growing immigrant community
-appointed to the government board
-first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize

Hull House

-Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr
-Nursery for working mothers
-Health clinics
-Education
-Employment bureau & job training
-Savings band
-Good effort BUT private/volunteer not enough-it needs federal backing

TR's domestic policy & 1 goal

-Square Deal-control corporations, conservation of natural resources, consumer protection
-goal: tame big business

The political party TR was technically aligned with as President v. whom he really served

-republican party
-America People

The political party TR ran under in the Election of 1912 and the reason for it

he run under the progressive party (bull moose party) because he said that he wouldn't run again after his first full term as a Republican

TR's approach v. Taft & the impact it had on their relationship

-Promised to con't TR's reform BUT he was cautious and conservative→ didn't rock the boat like TR
-Taft's secretary of the interior opened up conserved land for developers=HUGE falling out between him and TR

Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy

Taft's secretary of the interior opened up conserved land for developers=HUGE falling out between him and TR

What Taft preferred to be remembered for other than being President

he was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (the only person to have both positions)

Taft's attempts to regulate the railroad industry

The Mann-Elkins Act enabled the ICC to suspend rates set by railroads pending investigations or court actions.

Election of 1912: candidates, who won & why

-Taft (R)
-Wilson (D)
-Roosevelt (P)
-Wilson won because he took advantage of the republican split

Wilson's Domestic Policy

New Freedom

16th amendment

Established a graduated income tax (proposed during Taft's Presidency, but ratified under Wilson's)

17th Amendment

-direct of senators
-Created a national bank-run by gov't NOT bankers
-Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act with the Clayton Antitrust Act

18th Amendment

prohibition Amendment (ban on alcohol)

19th Amendment

suffrage for women

Federal Reserve bank

-These banks were set up in 12 regions under the Federal Reserve Act and they became the depositories for all national banks and some state banks.
-These banks took over the outstanding loans of their members in return for Federal Reserve Notes or paper money.

Clayton Antitrust Act

-This strengthened the already existing antitrust laws by outlawing specific business practices such as price discrimination, tying, and the acquisition of stock in a competing company.
-The act also states that farm organizations and labor unions were not "unlawful combinations in restraint of trade".
-It stopped the use of injunctions against strikes unless damage to a property was done.

What all 3 Presidents had in common=greatest limitation of the Progressive Movement

They failed to address the growing problems with African Americans and Women

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or precious condition of servitude (All men including African Americans but not women)

De jure segregation

segregation by law (South)

De facto segregation

segregation by tradition (north)

what kind of segregation were Jim Crow Laws

De jure

Homer Plessy

jailed for sitting in the "white" section of a train in Louisiana expecting the 14th Amendment (equal protection under the law) to support him

14th Amendment:What right was given & its connection to Plessy v. Ferguson

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
-Plessy expected this to protect him in the case

How the Supreme Court ruled and the phrase that ruling has often been associated with

-Court ruled 7-1 that segregation was ok
-Est. The doctrine of "separate but equal" established legal segregation (de jure) → discrimination is legal (systemic)

how the result of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision connected to Jim Crow laws

-"Jim Crow" laws spread to other facilities and states: education, housing, and public places
-Made anyone black a second-class citizen

Booker T. Washington

-Born enslaved in Virginia in 1856
-One of the two most influential African American leader
-Headed the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama- a vocational school for black Americans
-Atlanta Compromise: Believed black Americans should have economic independence FIRST (controversial)
-Show that they can be productive citizens
-This is a long term program
-Received white support-why?
-Invented to go to the White House to meet and dine with TR & Taft (HUGE backlash)

WEB DuBois

-Born to a free Black family in Massachusetts in an integrated community
-Very-educated→
valedictorian in HS
-First experienced bigotry in college when he went to Tennessee due to the Jim Crow South
-First black man to get his PhD from Harvard University in 1895
-Dissertation: "The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the US of America, 1643-1870"
-Starts the Niagara Movements → help to found the NAACP-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (First Civil Rights organization)
-Push for immediate equality-the Constitution confirms these rights-with law, voting, & education

NAACP

-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
-Founders: Kelley, DuBois, Barnett)
-1st civil rights organization-still exits, still working on equality/justice
-Created change through the court system-challenged the law