Vision

what is A?

Ora serrata

what is B?

ciliary body

what is C?

ciliary zonule

what is D?

cornea

what is E?

iris

what is F?

pupil

what is G?

anterior pole

what is H?

anterior segment

what is I?

lens

what is J?

scleral venous sinus

what is K?

posterior segment

what is L?

sclera

what is M?

choroid

what is N?

retina

what is O?

macula lutea

what is P?

fovea centralis

what is Q?

posterior pole

what is R?

optic nerve

what is S?

central artery and vein of the retina

what is T?

Optic Disc (blind spot)

what are the 3 layers (tunics) of the eye?

fibrous, vascular, neural

what is the eye protected by?

a cushion of fat and bony orbit

what is the internal cavity filled with?

fluid (humors)

what separates the internal cavity of the eye into anterior and posterior segments?

lens

what makes up the fibrous layer of the eye?

sclera, cornea, scleral venous sinus

which part of the fibrous layer is in the posterior segment, made up of dense connective tissue, and avascular?

sclera

what is the function of the sclera?

protection, provide shape, sturdy anchor for extrinsic eye muscles

what part of the fibrous layer is in the anterior segment, is avascular, transparent, and made up of epithelial layers?

cornea

what is the function of the cornea?

pain reception, regeneration, and repair (mitotic)

where is the scleral venous sinus located?

the junction of the cornea and sclera

what is the function of the scleral venous sinus?

drain fluid from anterior segment of eye into blood

what makes up the vascular layer (uvea) of the eye?

ciliary body, ciliary zonule, iris, pupil, choroid

what is the part of the vascular layer that is in the posterior segment, is vascular and supports avascular structures, and contains pigment (melanocytes) to absorb light rays?

choroid

what makes up the ciliary body?

ciliary processes, ciliary muscle

what are the capillaries that secrete aqueous humor in the anterior segment of the vascular layer?

ciliary processes

what is the smooth muscle that alters the shape of the lens?

ciliary muscle

what does the ciliary muscle increase/decrease?

tension of suspensory ligaments (ciliary zonules)

what is the iris made up of?

circular and radial smooth muscle fibers

what are the two muscles in the iris?

pupillary sphincter, pupillary dilator

what part of the eye is responsible for different eye colors?

iris

when does the pupillary sphincter muscle contract?

during parasympathetic stimulation

when does the pupillary dilator muscle contract?

during sympathetic activation

what does the pupillary sphincter muscle reduce?

size of pupil, amount of light entering eye

what does the pupillary dilator muscle allow for?

increase in size and light entering eye

what is the central black hole of the eye?

pupil

what does the size of the pupil determine?

amount of light entering eye

what does the pupil change in response to?

bright/dim light, emotions

what is A?

iris

what is B?

pupil

what makes up the retinal (sensory/neural) layer?

ora serrata, retina

where is the retina located?

posterior aspect of the eyeball

what are the two layers of the retinal layer?

outer pigmented layer, inner neural layer

what part of the retinal layer absorbs light?

outer pigmented layer

what does the outer pigmented layer store?

Vitamin A

what are the 3 zones of neurons of the retina’s inner neural layer?

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

what are the two photoreceptors of the inner neural layer?

rods, cones

which photoreceptors dim light, are responsible for peripheral vision, aand do not provide sharp images?

rods

which photoreceptors are responsible for color and are only active in bright light?

cones

where are there no photoreceptor cells?

optic disc/blind spot

what do amacrine and horizontal cells do?

modify electrical signals

what is A?

ganglion cells

what is B?

bipolar cells

what is C?

rod

what is D?

cone

what is E?

horizontal cell

what is F?

pigmented layer of retina

what is G?

amacrine cell

what is H?

axons of ganglion cells

where is there a high concentration of cones and high visual acuity?

macula lutea

what is the point within the macula lutea where there is only cones and highest visual acuity/focus?

fovea centralis

what leads to progressive loss of visual acuity, particularly in center of visual field, and may also cause visual distortion and changes in color perception?

macular degeneration

what is the transparent, avascular, layers of protein structure of the eye?

lens

what is the lens held in place by?

suspensory ligaments (ciliary zonules)

what does the lens separate?

anterior and posterior ligaments

why does the lense change shape?

to help focus light on retina

what is it called when the lens loses transparency due to thickening, hardening of the lens, loss of organization fibers, and becomes cloudy?

cataracts

what are causes of cataracts?

trauma, UV exposure, diabetes, aging

what does the anterior segment/cavity consist of?

2 chambers in front of lens filled with aqueous humor

what is the anterior chamber between?

cornea and iris

what is the posterior chamber between?

iris and lens

what fluid does the posterior segment contain?

vitreous humor

what fluid does the anterior segment contain?

aqueous humor

what secretes aqueous humor?

ciliary processes

what is the aqueous humor responsible for?

intraocular pressure (shape of eyeball)

what does the aqueous humor nourish?

avascular lens and cornea

what part of the eye is responsible for carrying waste away, draining via scleral venous sinus?

aqueous humor

what is the condition in which the blockage of draining increases intraocular pressure and puts pressure on retina and Optic nerve?

glaucoma

what is the gel-like substance behind the lens that holds the retina against pigmented layer?

vitreous humor

when is the vitreous humor formed?

before birth

what is the exposed surface of the cornea/sclera?

bulbar

what is the area under the upper and lower eyelids?

palpebral

what is A?

lacrimal gland

what is B?

lacrimal ducts

what is C?

lacrimal punctum

what is D?

lacrimal canaliculus

what is E?

nasolacrimal duct

what is F?

lacrimal sac

what is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

protect, lubricate, and clean eye

what are the extrinsic eye muscles?

lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique

what do the extrinsic eye muscles do?

control eye movement