BIOL 1407 Ch 24&25 Manual

Spermatophytes

Seed plants, grouped into gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Gymnosperms

Seed plants that produce naked seeds, often in cones.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruits.

Cycadophyta

Phylum of gymnosperms including cycads and sago palms.

Ginkgophyta

Phylum of gymnosperms represented by the Ginkgo biloba.

Gnetophyta

Phylum of gymnosperms including genera such as Ephedra and Welwitschia.

Coniferophyta

Phylum of gymnosperms that includes conifers like pines and spruces.

Seed Fern

Ancient seed plant that produced ovules at branch tips, now extinct.

Progymnosperms

Early seed plants that did not produce seeds, cones, or flowers.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from male to female reproductive structures.

Ovule

Structure containing female gametes that develops into seeds after fertilization.

Sporophyte Generation

The dominant life stage in seed plants that produces gametophytes.

Microspores

Male gametophytes that develop into pollen grains.

Megasporangium

Structure that produces megaspores in seed plants, leading to female gametophytes.

Phylum Magnoliophyta

Phylum to which all angiosperms belong.

Double Fertilization

A unique process in angiosperms where one sperm fertilizes the egg and another forms endosperm.

Germination

The process by which a seed develops into a new plant.

Cotyledons

Seed leaves that provide nourishment to the developing plant.

Hypocotyl

The part of the seedling below the cotyledons that develops into the root.

Epicotyl

The part of a seedling above the cotyledons that develops into the stem.

Sheath-like structures

Coleorhiza and coleoptile protect the radicle and plumule during germination.

Annual

Plants that complete their life cycle in one growing season.

Perennial

Plants that live for more than two growing seasons.

Dehiscent Fruits

Fruits that split open at maturity to release seeds.

Indehiscent Fruits

Fruits that do not split open at maturity.

Accessory Fruits

Fruits that develop from tissues surrounding the ovary.

Fruits

Mature ovaries that house, nourish, and protect seeds.

Vessels

Conducting cells in angiosperms involved in efficient water transport.

Tracheids

Water-conducting cells found in both gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Seed Dispersal

Methods by which seeds are spread away from the parent plant.