blood

girl I cant amnre

how much of plasma is water?

91%

how much of plasma is proteins?

7%

how much of plasma is solutes?

2%

what are the three types of plasma proteins?

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

what do albumins do?

help with BP, viscosity, and blood flow

what do globulins do?

clotting + kidney function

what do fibrinogens do?

become baby fibrin threads, to form clots

what are the six kinds of leukocytes?

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, natural killer cells, monocytes, lymphocytes

what do neutrophils do?

first responder in bacterial infections

what do eosinophils do?

(they are the counter activity of histamines) so they are there in responses to allergies parasites, autoimmune diseases.

what do basophils do?

secrete histamines in responses to parasites, infection, inflammation

natural killer cells (NK cells)

detect and destroy cancer cells and cells infected with viruses

monocytes

stimulate other WBCs to defend (big scare is that obliterate invaders)

lymphocytes

(vaccine guys) recognize previously encountered invaders

what are the two parts of hemoglobin?

heme groups and globins

what do globins get broken down to?

amino acids

what do heme groups get broken down to?

iron

what is hematocrit?

the percentage of RBCs in blood

what is the average male hematocrit range?

42-45%

what is the average male hematocrit range?

37-48%

where does hematopoiesis take place in a fetus?

liver, spleen, fetal bone marrow, thymus

what is hematopoiesis?

blood production

where does hematopoiesis take place in adults?

red bone marrow

what is erythropoiesis?

RBC production

what is the negative feedback loop for erythropoiesis?

the liver and kidneys detect low oxygen levels

they start to produce erythropoietin

erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow to make more RBCs

RBC count increases and oxygen levels rise

what is leukopoiesis?

production of WBCs

what is thrombopoiesis?

platelet production

where do erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis occur?

red bone marrow

out of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes, which one(s) have a nucleus?

only leukocytes

out of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes, which one(s) are a complete cell?

only leukocytes

what is the function of erythrocytes?

gas transport (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

what is the function of leukocytes?

protect against infections microorganisms and invaders

what is the function of thrombocytes?

hemostasis (stoping bleeding), form clots and repair blood vessel walls

what makes blood positive or negative?

the presence or lack of Rh proteins on surface

what is the universal donor?

O-

what is the universal receiver?

AB+

what are the three steps in hemostasis?

1) vascular spasm

2) platelet plug formation

3) coagulation (clotting)

what happens in a vascular spasm?

platelets constrict the vein

what happens in a platelet plug formation?

platelets stick together to form a big lump to plug the break in the wall

what happens in coagulation?

procoagualents activate firgrinogen in plasma to turn to fibrin threads

fibrin threads trap platelet plug and turn it into a stable seal over the break

what is thrombocytopenia?

low platelet count

what is hemophilia?

deficiency in clotting factors

what is a thrombus?

a stationary blood clot (/neg)

what is an embolus?

a dislodged blood clot (/neg)

what is a disseminated intravascular coagulation?

inappropriate widespread clotting

what are two ways to promote clotting?

shot of vitamin K

infusion of plasma and platelets

what are three ways to prevent clotting?

coumadin + warfin (vitamin K antagonists)

aspirin

leeches

what are two ways to break up clots?

streptokinase

tissue plasminogen activator (“clot buster”)

what are the three categories of things that could cause anemia?

not making enough RBCs

bleeding too much

RBCs being destroyed too much

what is the most common type of anemia?

iron deficient

prenicious anemia

1) cause

2) what does it do to body?

1) not enough B12 from poot nutrition

2) disrupts RBC production

polycythemia

1) cause

2) what does it do to body?

1) cancer in red bone marrow / dehydration / high altitude/ conditioning

2) thick blood, high BP

sickle-cell disease

1) cause

2) what does it do to body?

1) genetic mutation that modifies hemoglobin structure, so it does not flow or bond or O2 properly

2) kidney / heart failure, stroke

hemolytic disease of the fetus

1) cause

2) what does it do to body?

1) mom’s and fetus’s blood types do no mix, mom’s antibodies cross placenta and attack baby

2) can result in miscarriage / damage to baby

leukocytosis

1) cause

2) what does it do to body?

1) high WBC count bcs infection / allergies

2) depends on cause

leukopenia

1) cause

2) what does it do to body?

1) low WBC count, radiation, poison, disease

2) elevated risk of infection

leukemia

1) cause

2) what does it do to body?

1) cancer in bone marrow = way too many WBCs

2) death, wild clotting, infection