MODULE 3 P.E FINALS

Human Skeleton

Human Skeleton

the internal framework of the human body.

Human adult skeleton

is composed of 206 bones that is divided into two divisions.

Axial Skeleton (80 bones)

Skull, Vertebrae, Ribs/Sternum

29 bones

skull is compose of how many bones

26 bones

vertebrae is compose of how many bones

25 bones

ribs/sternum is compose of how many bones

Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)

Upper and Lower extremities

64 bones

upper extremities are compose of how many bones

62 bones

lower extremities are compose of how many bones

300 bones

How many bones does a body of a baby has at birth which eventually fuse to form the 206 bones that adults have

Bones or Osseous tissue

a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the support structure of the body.

Cartilage

a semi-rigid form of connective tissue, provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement.

Skeletal System

the body system composed of bones and cartilage and performs the critical functions for the human body

• supports the body

• facilitates movement

• protects internal organs

• produces blood vessels

• stores and releases mineral and fats

give the functions of skeletal system

long bones

• Typically longer than wide

• Both ends have a shaft with heads

• Contains mostly compact bone

• examples: femur, humerus

short bones

• Cube in shape

• Contains mostly spongy bone

• examples: carpals, tarsal

flat bones

• Thin and Flattened

• Usually curved

• Has thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone

• examples: skull, sternum, ribs

irregular bones

• Irregular shape

• Do not fit in other bone classifications.

• examples: vertebrae, hip

metacarpals

Are long bones within the hand that are connected to the carpals

phalanges

Are the bones that make up the fingers of the hand and the toes of the foot

femur

Is the longest and strongest bone in the body

pubis

Is a paired bone that forms the anterior part of the hip

ischium

This serves as the attachment for the posterior thigh muscles and also carries the weight of the body when sitting

carpals

Small bones that connects the hand to the forearm

tarsals

Situated proximally in the foot in the ankle area

metatarsals

Located between the tarsal bones of the hind and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toe

patella

Also known as kneecap, is a flat, circular triangular bone which articulates with the femur

tibia

Is the medial and strongest bone of the lower part of the leg and the second largest bone in the human skeleton

fibula

Is much more slender bone than the tibia and occupies lateral position in the leg

cranium

Protects the brain

mandible

Largest and strongest bone of the facial skeleton

clavicle

Supports the shoulder and allow greater mobility in the arm

scapula

A large, flattened, triangular shape bone

ribs

Are the long-curved bones which form rib cage which protects chest cavity.

humerus

Is the longest and most robust bone of the arm.

radius

Is the lateral bone of the forearm.

ulna

Is the medial bone of the forearm.

ilium

Is the uppermost and largest part of the hip bone.

sacrum

Is a large and triangular shaped bone formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae.

sternum

Located at midline of the chest

broken bone or bone fracture

occurs when a force exerted against a bone is stronger than the bone can bear.

closed (simple) fracture

break that does not penetrate the skin

open (compound) fracture

broken bone penetrates through the skin

reduction or immobilization (realignment of the bone)

Bone fractures are treated by ____________

1. eat lots of vegetables

2. perform strength training

3. add vitamin D to your day

4. start weight-bearing exercises

5. do not smoke and don’t drink excessively

6. get your bone mineral density tested

7. consider medication

tips to maintain healthy bones

hematoma

blood filled swelling is formed, break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus.

fibrocartilage callus

is replaced by a bony callus, bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch.

the bony callus forms

as the more osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area and multiply, the fibrocartilage callus is gradually replaced by one made of spongy bone the bony callus.

bone remodeling

over the next few weeks or months, the bony callus is remodeled in response to the mechanical stressed placed on it and it forms a strong permanent “patch” at the fracture sight.