1920s unit

Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer

• utilized military force to go into ethnic neighborhoods to arrest immigrants (Palmer Raids)

• arrested 10K, deported 500

• anti: POC, Roman Catholics, Jews, unionizers, foreign born

Pres. Woodrow Willson

• celebrated for establishing democracy

Pres. Coolidge

• used to be MA Governor before becoming Pres

• served as Harding’s VP, sworn in as Pres by his father after Harding’s death

• denied the Boston Police Dept

• anti-union, anti-immigrant, anti-communist

Sacco and Vanzetti

• anarchists who were upset by the unfair treatment of the poor

• they couldn’t get a fair trial because of their political beliefs: anarchists, and being Italian immigrants (why they received the death penalty)

KKK

• result of anti immigrant sentiment and the Red Scare

• KKK harassed any group unlike themselves

• by 1924, KKK had 2.5 million members of “white male persons, native born gentile citizens”

Ohio Gang

• Pres Harding’s corrupt old friends

• committed fraud and bribery in veteran’s affairs

• sold liquor permits to their friends illegally

William Jennings Bryan

Charles Lindbergh

• he completed the first nonstop solo transatlantic flight

Claude McKay

Langston Hughes

• Harlem Renaissance’s best-known poet

• his 1920s poems described difficult lives of working-class AA

Louis Armstrong

• popular Black musician, trumpeter

• most important and influential musician in jazz

Teapot Dome Scandal

• fed. gov set aside oil-rich lands in Teapot Dome, Wyoming + Elk Hills, California for the Navy

• Albert B. Fall (Sec. of Interior) leased the lands to 2 private oil companies w/o competitive bidding. He recieved $400,000.

The Scopes Trial

The Great Migration

the migration of AA from the rural south to northern cities to look for new opportunities (jobs and a better life)

Nativism

the belief that native born citizens of a country are better than immigrants

Dawes Plan

• US loaned money to GER who would use it to pay Britain and France (The Allies)

• B+F would pay back their war debts to the US

• helped GER stay afloat

Prohibition

banning of alcohol

The Volstead Act

• defined intoxicating beverages as anything with more than 0.5% alcohol (beer, wine, whiskey, and gin were prohibited from being sold)

• federal law Congress passed to enforce the 18th Amend

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

urged African Americans to protest racial violence

18th Amendment

established prohibiton by banning manufacture, sales, and consumption of alchol

Americanization

the process of adopting American customs, values, and social patterns by immigrants

Immigration Restriction League (IRL)

restricted immigration and helped new immigrants in assimilating

Educational Alliance of New York City (EANYC)

offered classes of American history, English, Biology, economic skills, public school prep

Eugenics

• made up concept about how to improve the genetic composition of a population, only “breed” healthy humans (thought up by Sir Francis Galton - Darwin’s cousin)

• encourage healthy people to reproduce, discourage the poor from reproducing

Buck v. Bell Supreme Court Case

• Carrie Buck was sterilized w/o her consent under the new sterilization law

• reason was she was feeble-minded, and Supreme Court validated sterilization

Federal Highway Act of 1921

established rules of the road 

Harlem Renaissance

a literary and artistic movement that expressed African-American culture

Socialism

theory that advocates for collective business ownership, laws require wealthy to contribute more taxes so no large gap between rich and poor

Emergency Quota Act of 1924

established the Quota System which limited immigration

“Talkies”

talking motion pictures that incorporated sound with visual storytelling, transition from silent films to sound films

Washington Naval Conference of 1921

disarmament: 9 major powers agree to control size of their navies 

Kellogg-Briand Pact

promise from nations to not use war to settle disputes, avoided war

Fordney-McCumber Tarrif

• increased tariffs to protect US industries, Britain and France owed the US $10 billion after WWI

• tariffs became too expensive for Britain and France, forced them to collect money (reparations) from GER - except GER couldn’t pay them

Red Scare

period of anti-communist fear in the US, after the Bolshevik Revolution

Anarchists

• believed that the government was a tool the rich used to exploit the poor

• eliminating the government was the best way to end inequality

21st Amendment

repealed Prohibiton

Speakeasies

illegal bars that operated during Prohibition

19th Amendment

• guaranteed the right for women to vote

• the right to vote should not be denied by the US or by any State on account of sex

Red Summer

summer of 1919, when over 20 race riots happened across the nation

Tulsa Race Massacre

• Greenwood district in Tulsa, Oklahoma was destroyed (The Black Wall Street)

• massacre was triggered by false reports of an alleged rape by a white mob

Anti-Saloon League and Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

• they led forces to shut down breweries, distilleries, and saloons - US went dry 

• linked Prohibiton to many Progressive era social causes and were the main leaders to enact Prohibition

Babe Ruth 

• highly skilled baseball player 

• he hit a record of 60 home runs and became an American celebrity

Isolationism

when a country avoids involvement in the affairs and conflicts of other nations

W.E.B. Du Bois

• founding member of the NAACP

• led a parade of 10K African-American men in NY to protest racial violence

James Weldon Johnson

• poet, lawyer, and NAACP executive secretary

Marcus Garvey

• immigrant from Jamaica who believed that African Americans should build a seperate society

“Double standard'“

a set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women, which required women to behave under stricter standards than men did

The Scopes Trial

• high school teacher John T. Scope violated Tennessee state law that banned the teaching of Darwin’s theory of evolution

• fueled debate over Darwin’s theory of evolution

notable strikes in the 1900s

Boston Police Strike, Steel Mill Strike, Coal Mines Strike