Chapter 8 - Digestive System and Nutrition: Exam 2

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130 Terms

1

What are the main steps in the digestive process?

Ingestion, digestion, movement, absorption, and elimination

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2

Ingestion

Intake of food via the mouth

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3

Digestion

Mechanically or chemically breaking down foods into their subunits

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4

Movement

Food must be moved along the GI tract in order to fulfill all functions

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5

Absorption

Movement of nutrients across the GI tract wall to be delivered to cells via the blood

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6

Elimination

Removal of indigestible molecules

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7

What are the 4 major layers that make up the wall of the GI tract?

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

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8

Lumen

Central space right below the mucosa containing food being digested

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9

Mucosa

Innermost layer that produces mucus to protect the lining and also produces digestive enzymes

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10

Submucosa

2nd layer of loose connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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11

Muscularis

3rd layer made of 2 layers of smooth muscle that move food along the GI tract

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12

Serosa

Outer lining that is part of the peritoneum

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13

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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14

What are the digestive tract organs?

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

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15

Salivary Glands (Diagram definition)

Secrete saliva which contains digestive enzyme for carbohydrates

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16

Liver (Diagram definition)

Major metabolic organ; processes and stores nutrients; produces bile for emulsification of fats

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17

Gallbladder (Diagram definition)

Stores bile from liver, sends it to the small intestine

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18

Pancreas (Diagram definition)

Produces pancreatic juice; contains digestive enzymes, and sends it to the small intestine; produces insulin and secretes it into the blood after eating

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19

Mouth (Diagram definition)

Teeth chew food; tongue tastes and pushes food for chewing and swallowing

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20

Pharynx (Diagram definition)

Passageway where food is swallowed

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21

Esophagus (Diagram definition)

Passageway where peristalsis pushes food to stomach

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22

Stomach (Diagram definition)

Secretes acid and digestive enzyme for protein; churns, mixing food with secretions, and sends chyme to small intestine

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23

Small Intestine (Diagram definition)

Mixes chyme with digestive enzymes for final breakdown; absorbs nutrient molecules into body; secretes digestive hormones into blood

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24

Large Intestine (Diagram definition)

Absorbs water and salt to form feces

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25

Rectum (Diagram definition)

Stores and regulates elimination of feces

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26

What is the pathway that food follows

Mouth → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus

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27

How many pairs of salivary glands do humans have?

3

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28

What do the salivary glands secrete?

Salivary amylase

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29

What does salivary amylase begin in the digestive process?

Carbohydrate digestion

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30

What do tonsils do?

Fight diseases

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31

What type of tissue are tonsils made of?

Lymphatic tissue

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32

What is the teeth’s function?

Mechanical breakdown of food

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33

What is the tongue covered in?

Taste buds

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34

What does the tongue assist in doing?

The mechanical breakdown and movement of food

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35

The tongue forms ____ and moves it toward the pharynx

Bolus

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36

Bolus

Mass of chewed food created by the tongue

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37

How many teeth are in adults?

32

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38

How many deciduous teeth are in babies?

20

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39

What is each tooth made of?

A crown and a root

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40

What covers the crown of teeth?

Enamel and dentin

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41

Pharynx

A cavity between the mouth and esophagus that serves as a passageway for food (and air)

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42

Esophagus

A long muscular tube that carries food to the stomach

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43

What are the two ways we style food?

Voluntarily and involuntarily

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44

What is the voluntary phase of swallowing food?

In the beginning, when food is being swallowed from the mouth into the pharynx is a voluntary act

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45

What is the involuntary phase of swallowing food?

Once the food in the pharynx, swallowing becomes a reflex

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46

Epiglottis

Covers the voice box to make sure food is routed into the esophagus

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47

How does food move down the esophagus?

Peristalsis

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48

Peristalsis

The rhythmic contraction of the GI tract

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49

Stomach Functions

Store food, start digestion of proteins, and control movement of chyme into the small intestine

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50

Stomach Physical Description

J-shaped organ with a thick wall

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51

How many layers of muscle in the muscularis layer of the stomach wall are there?

3

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52

What do the 3 layers of muscle in the stomach wall help with?

Mechanical digestion and allow it to stretch

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53

The mucosa layer of the stomach has deep folds called ____, and _____ pits that lead into _____ glands that secrete _____ juice

Rugae; gastric

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54

What does gastric juice contain?

Pepsin, HCl, and mucus

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55

Pepsin

An enzyme that breaks down proteins

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56

What does HCl in the stomach do?

Gives the stomach a pH of 2 which activates pepsin and helps kill bacteria found in food

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57

What bacterium lives in the mucus of gastric juice?

Helicobacter pylori

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58

What can helicobacter pylori in stomach mucus cause?

Gastric ulcers

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59

What substance does the stomach empty into the small intestine?

Chyme

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60

How long does it take for the stomach to empty chyme into the small intestine?

2-6 hours

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61

How long is the average small intestine?

6 m/18 ft

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62

What do the enzymes secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine do?

Digest carbs, proteins, and fats

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63

What is secreted by the gallbladder into the small intestine?

Bile

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64

What does the bile from the gallbladder in the small intestine do?

Emulsify fats

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65

What does the absorption of digested food depend on in the small intestine?

A large surface area

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66

How is a large surface area created in the small intestine?

Numerous villi and microvilli

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67

Where do amino acids and sugar enter after being absorbed in the microvilli?

Capillaries

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68

Where do fatty acids and glycerol enter after being absorbed in the microvilli?

Lacteals (small lymphatic vessels)

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69

What is the process of carbohydrate digestion?

Carbohydrate → Pancreatic amylase → maltase → glucose → villi → blood capillary

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70

What is the process of protein digestion?

Protein → trypsin → peptides → peptidase → amino acids → villi → blood capillary

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71

What is the process of fat digestion?

Bile + fat globules → emulsification droplets → lipase → monoglycerides and free fatty acids → chylomicron → lymphatic capillary

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72

Carbohydrate digestion major digestive enzymes

Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, maltase, and lactase

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73

Protein digestion major digestive enzymes

Pepsin, trypsin, and peptidases

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74

Fat digestion major digestive enzymes

Lipase

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75

Nucleic acids digestion major digestive enzymes

Nuclease and nucleosidases

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76

What is salivary amylase produced by and its site of action?

Salivary glands and mouth

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77

What is pancreatic amylase produced by and its site of action?

Pancreas and small intestine

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78

What is maltase produced by and its site of action?

Small intestine and small intestine

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79

What is lactase produced by and its site of action?

Small intestine and small intestine

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80

What is pepsin produced by and its site of action?

Gastric glands and stomach

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81

What is trypsin produced by and its site of action?

Pancreas and small intestine

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82

What is peptidases produced by and its site of action?

Small intestine and small intestine

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83

What is nuclease produced by and its site of action?

Pancreas and small intestine

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84

What is nucleosidases produced by and its site of action?

Small intestine and small intestine

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85

What is lipase produced by and its site of action?

Pancreas and small intestine

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86

What does salivary amylase digest?

Starch + water → maltose

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87

What does pancreatic amylase digest?

Starch + water → maltose

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88

What does maltase digest?

Maltose + water → glucose + glucose

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89

What does lactase digest?

Lactose + water → glucose + glucose

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90

What does pepsin digest?

Protein + water → peptides

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91

What does trypsin digest?

Protein + water → peptides

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92

What does peptidases digest?

Peptide + water → amino acids

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93

What does nuclease digest?

RNA and DNA + water → nucleotides

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94

What does nucleosidases digest?

Nucleotide + water → base + sugar + phosphate

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95

What does lipase amylase digest?

Fat droplet + Water → monoglycerides + fatty acids

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96

What is the pH of salivary amylase?

Neutral

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97

What is the pH of pancreatic amylase?

Basic

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98

What is the pH of maltase?

Basic

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99

What is the pH of lactase?

Basic

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100

What is the pH of pepsin?

Acidic

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