ap psych final exam

Zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

Embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

Fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Assimilation

interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas.

Accommodation

Development - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

Sensorimotor Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Object Permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

Preoperational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.

Concrete Operational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

Formal Operational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

Attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

Identity vs role confusion

according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

Intimacy vs isolation

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

Crystallized Intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

Fluid Intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

authoritarian

parenting that is overly strict; does not show warmth; does not allow discussion

permissive

parents that allow their child freedom and does not set boundaries; high in warmth

authoritative

the most effective type of parenting; sets limits, enforces consequences, allows negotiation

generativity vs stagnation

the social stage that 40-60 year olds are in; main focus is work and family

trust vs mistrust

the social stage that babies are in; must have responsive parents to achieve this stage

preconventional

lowest level of morality; make decisions based on what is best for yourself

postconventional

highest level of morality; make decisions based on the rights of all

integrity vs despair

final social stage; senior citizens can look back on life with pride or a sense of failure

conventional

stage of morality concerned with social justice; following laws or socially accepted norms

Big Five Traits

Openness to experience, conscientious, agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticisms

Openness

associated w/ curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity, and unconventional attitudes.

Conscientiousness

thorough, on time, diligent, careful...

Extraversion

draw energy from being with others; outgoing; social

Agreeableness

easy to get along with

Emotional Instability

anxious, nervous, worried, moody

Id

component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle; Completely unconscious, immediate gratification

Ego

Decision making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle; mediator

Superego

Moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong

Defense Mechanisms

Largely unconscious reactions to avoid unpleasant emotions; used to protect us

Repression

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Projection

attributing one's own thoughts feeling or motives to another

Displacement

diverting feelings from original source to a substitute target

Reaction Formation

behaving in a way that's opposite of true feelings

Regression

revert to immature patterns of behavior

Self-Actualization

need to reach one's potential

Hierarchy of Needs

systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs

MMPI

most clinically used personality test; clinical scales

Projective Tests

Personality tests that delve into unconscious;

Ask participants to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subjects' needs, feelings and personality traits

Rorschach test

the test where people look at inkblots and describe what they see

TAT

the test where people look at ambiguous pictures and make up stories about them, presumably displaying unconscious thoughts

external locus of control

when a person believes that they DO NOT control their own life, outside forces do

pessimistic explanatory style

seeing the negative side of life; expecting the worst

validity

when a personality test is accurate

unconditional positive regard

Rogers term for complete acceptance

reliability

when a personality test is consistent

internal locus of control

your belief that you control what happens to you

optimistic explanatory style

seeing the good in things; expecting a positive outcome

personality inventories

objective tests used by trait theorists to measure personality traits

learned helplessness

passive resignation after repeated bad events

anxiety disorder

a condition in which intense feelings of apprehension are long-standing and disruptive

phobia

an anxiety disorder involving strong, irrational fear of an object or situation

post-traumatic stress disorder

a pattern of flashbacks and/or nightmares following a traumatic event

generalized anxiety disorder

a condition that involves relatively mild but long-lasting anxiety that is focused on any particular object or situation; also called free-floating anxiety

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder involving sudden panic attacks

panic attacks

sudden bout of intense heart palpitations, pressure or pain in the chest, dizziness or unsteadiness, sweating, and a feeling of intense fear

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder involving repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain rituals

somatic symptom disorders

psychological problems in which there are symptoms of a physical disorder without a physical cause

conversion disorder

a person displays blindness, paralysis, or other symptoms of sensory or motor failure without a physical cause

dissociative disorders

rare conditions that involve sudden and usually temporary disruptions in a person's memory, consciousness, or identity

dissociative fugue

involving sudden loss of memory and the assumption of a new identity in a new location

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a person reports having more than one identity; also called multiple personality disorder

mood disorder

conditions in which a person experiences extreme moods, such as depression or mania

major depressive disorder

a person feels lethargic, worthless, and hopeless for at least two weeks

delusions

false beliefs, such as those experienced by people suffering from schizophrenia

persistent depressive/dysthymic disorder

a pattern of comparatively mild depression that lasts for at least two years

mania

an elated, very active emotional state

bipolar disorder

which a person alternates between deep depression and mania; also called manic depression

schizophrenia

a severe and disabling pattern of disturbed thinking emotion, perception, and behavior; a psychotic disorder

hallucinations

a symptom in which people perceive voices or other stimuli when there are no stimuli present

personality disorders

long-standing, inflexible ways of behaving that create a variety of problems

borderline personality disorder

characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts

antisocial personality disorder

characterized by shameless disregard for, and violation of, other people's rights

DSM-V

resource for diagnosing disorders

serotonin

chemical linked to depression and anxiety

dopamine

too much of this is linked to schizophrenia

Behavioral Therapy

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Cognitive Therapy

Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Electroconvulsive Therapy/ECT

Therapy that involves shocking the brain; used for severe depression when meds don't work

Psychotherapy

Treatment involving talking with a therapist

Biomedical Therapy

Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology

Free Association

when a patient relaxes and says the first thing that comes to find; used in psychoanalysis

Lithium

a medication used for bipolar

Anti Psychotics

This category of medicine reduces the effects of dopamine; used for schizophrenia

Anti Anxiety

this category of medication is used for acute anxiety like panic attacks

Anti Depressants

This category of medicine increases serotonin and norepinephrine; used for depression and GAD

Restructure distorted thoughts and beliefs

What is the goal of cognitive therapy?

Decrease unhealthy behaviors and increase adaptive behaviors

What is the goal of behavior therapy?

Increase self acceptance

What is the goal of humanistic therapy?

Analyze unconscious and move into conscious

What is the goal of psychodynamic therapy?