[26.4 - 26.4] Fluid, electrolyte, acid base balance (2026)

Flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to acid-base balance, including definitions and mechanisms involved in pH regulation.

pH

A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is, on a scale from 0 to 14.

Alkalosis

A condition characterized by an arterial pH greater than 7.45.

Acidosis

A condition characterized by an arterial pH less than 7.35.

Buffer systems

Chemical systems that help resist changes in pH by binding or releasing hydrogen ions.

Bicarbonate buffer system

A major buffer system composed of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), regulating pH in extracellular fluid.

Phosphate buffer system

A buffer system that utilizes dihydrogen phosphate (H₂PO₄⁻) and monohydrogen phosphate (HPO₄²⁻) to buffer pH, primarily effective in urine and intracellular fluid.

Protein buffer system

A buffering mechanism involving proteins that can act as both weak acids and bases, vital in maintaining pH balance.

Respiratory compensation

The process by which the respiratory system adjusts breathing rate and depth to stabilize blood pH.

Renal compensation

The process by which kidneys adjust bicarbonate reabsorption or acid excretion to regulate blood pH.

Hypercapnia

An increase in carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in the blood, which can trigger changes in respiratory rate.

Metabolic acidosis

A decrease in pH due to non-respiratory causes, often indicated by low bicarbonate levels.

Metabolic alkalosis

An increase in pH due to non-respiratory causes, indicated by high bicarbonate levels.

H⁺ ions (protons)

Positively charged hydrogen ions that influence acidity and pH levels in fluids.

Chemical buffers

Compounds that store or release hydrogen ions in response to pH changes, crucial for maintaining acid-base balance.