PSYCH EXAM 4

heterosexual behavior

sexual activity with members of the opposite gender

homosexual behavior

sexual activity with members of the same gender

sexual dysfunction

sexual disorder in which the client finds it difficult to function adequately while having sex

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

dysfunction in which a man feels distress from having little or no sexual interest

female sexual interest/arousal disorder

recurrent inability in some women to attain or maintain adequate lubrication and sexual excitement swelling responses until completion of sexual activity

erectile disorder

Recurring inability in some men to attain or maintain adequate penile erection until completion of sexual activity.

delayed ejaculation

disorder in which a man achieves orgasm only with great difficulty

female orgasmic disorder

recurring delay or absence of orgasm in some women following a normal sexual excitement phase, relative to their prior experience and current stimulation

premature ejaculation

recurring ejaculation before the person wishes it, with minimal sexual stimulation

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

Sexual dysfunction in which a woman experiences pain or difficulty with penetration during intercourse; may include vaginismus.

Vaginismus

recurring involuntary muscle spasms in the outer third of the vagina that interfere with sexual intercourse

paraphilic disorders

sexual disorders and deviations in which sexual arousal occurs almost exclusively in the context of inappropriate objects or individuals

frotteuristic disorder

paraphilic disorder in which the person gains sexual gratification by rubbing against unwilling victims in crowds from which they cannot escape

fetishistic disorder

long-term, recurring, intense sexually arousing urges, fantasies, or behavior that involve the use of nonliving, unusual objects and that cause distress or impairment in life functioning

voyeuristic disorder

paraphilic disorder in which sexual arousal is derived from observing unsuspecting individuals undressing or naked

exhibitionistic disorder

sexual gratification attained by exposing genitals to unsuspecting strangers

transvestic disorder

Paraphilia in which individuals, usually males, are sexually aroused or receive gratification by wearing clothing of the opposite sex.

sexual sadism disorder

A paraphilic disorder characterized by repeated and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve inflicting suffering on others.

sexual machoism disorder

a paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer, accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment

pedophilia

paraphilia involving strong sexual attraction toward children

incest

deviant sexual attraction (pedophilia) directed toward a family member; often the attraction of a father toward a daughter who is maturing physically

covert sensitization

cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce unwanted behaviors by having clients imagine the extremely aversive consequences of the behaviors and establish negative rather than positive associations with them

orgasmic reconditioning

learning procedure to help clients strengthen appropriate patterns of sexual arousal by pairing appropriate stimuli with the pleasurable sensations of masturbation

gender dysphoria

Psychological dissatisfaction with biological gender, a disturbance in the sense of identity as a male or female. The primary goal is not sexual arousal but rather to live the life of the opposite gender.

gender nonconformity

a phenomenon in which pre-pubescent children do not identify with their biological sex, but instead identify strongly with the gender of the opposite sex and display varying degrees of behavior more characteristic of the opposite sex

sex reassignment surgery

surgical procedures to alter a person's physical anatomy to conform to that person's psychological gender identity

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

catatonia

disorder of movement involving immobility or excited agitation

hebephrenia

silly and immature emotionality

paranoia

people's irrational beliefs that they are especially important (delusions of grandeur) or that other people are seeking to do them harm

dementia praecox

The Latin term meaning premature loss of mind; an early label for what is now called schizophrenia, emphasizing the disorder's frequent appearance during adolescence.

associative splitting

Separation among basic functions of human personality (for example, cognition, emotion, and perception) seen by some as the defining characteristic of schizophrenia.

psychotic behavior

a severe psychological disorder characterized by hallucinations and loss of contact with reality

positive symptoms

more overt symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations, displayed by some people with schizophrenia

delusion

Psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality.

hallucinations

psychotic symptoms of perceptual disturbance in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed although they are not actually present

negative symptoms

less outgoing symptoms, such as flat affect and poverty of speech, displayed by some people with schizophrenia

avolition

An inability to initiate or persist in important activities. Also known as apathy.

alogia

deficiency in the amount or content of speech

Anhedonia

a diminished ability to experience pleasure

flat affect

an apparently emotionless demeanor (including toneless speech and vacant gaze) when a reaction would be expected

disorganized speech

Style of talking often seen in people with schizophrenia, involving incoherence and a lack of typical logic patterns.

inappropriate affect

an emotional display that is improper for the situation

catatonic immobility

Disturbance of motor behavior in which the person remains motionless, sometimes in an awkward posture, for extended periods.

schizophreniform disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by symptoms of schizophrenia present for a period of 1-6 months during which the symptoms may or may not have interfered with functioning

schizoaffective disorder

a psychotic disorder characterized by the presence of both schizophrenia and a depressive and major mood disorder

delusional disorder

Psychotic disorder featuring a persistent belief contrary to reality (delusion) but no other symptoms of schizophrenia.

shared psychotic disorder

psychotic disturbance in which individuals develop a delusion similar to that of a person with whom they share a close relationship

substance induced disorders

psychosis caused by the ingestion of medications, psychoactive drugs, or toxins.

psychotic disorder associated with another medical condition

condition that is characterized by hallucinations or delusions and that is the direct result of another physiological disorder, such as stroke or brain tumor.

brief psychotic disorder

Psychotic disturbance involving delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior but lasting less than 1 month; often occurs in reaction to a stressor.

attenuated psychosis syndrome

disorder involving the onset of psychotic symptoms, which puts a person at high risk for schizophrenia

prodromal stage

period of 1 to 2 years before serious symptoms of schizophrenia occur but when less severe yet unusual behaviors start to appear

schizophrenogenic mother

According to an obsolete, unsupported theory, a cold, dominating, and rejecting parent who was thought to cause schizophrenia in her offspring.

double bind communication

according to an obsolete, unsupported theory, the practice of transmitting conflicting messages that was thought to cause schizophrenia

expressed emotion

Hostility, criticism, and over-involvement demonstrated by some families toward a family member with a psychological disorder. This can often contribute to the person's relapse.

token economy

social learning behavior modification system in which individuals earn items they can exchange for desired rewards by displaying appropriate behaviors

delirium

Rapid-onset reduced clarity of consciousness and cognition, with confusion, disorientation, and deficits in memory and language.

major neurocognitive disorder (dementia)

Gradual-onset deterioration of brain functioning, involving memory loss, inability to recognize objects or faces, and problems in planning and abstract reasoning. These are associated with frustration and discouragement.

mild cognitive disorder

modest impairment in cognitive abilities that can be overcome with accommodations such as extensive lists or elaborate schedules.

agnosia

the inability to recognize familiar objects.

facial agnosia

an inability to perceive familiar faces

vascular neurocognitive disorder

progressive brain disorder involving loss of cognitive functioning, caused by blockage of blood flow to the brain, that appears concurrently with other neurological signs and symptoms

head trauma

Injury to the head and, therefore, to the brain, typically caused by accidents; can lead to cognitive impairments, including memory loss.

frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder

condition that damages the frontal or temporal regions of the brain; behavior or language is negatively affected

pick's disease

rare neurological disorder that results in presenile dementia

neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury

Condition resulting from jarring of the brain caused by a blow to the head or other impact; symptoms persist for at least a week after the initial trauma.

neurocognitive disorder due to lewy body disease

Neurological impairment that affects people with Lewy body disease, in which protein deposits damage brain cells and gradually cause motor impairments and loss of alertness.

neurocognitive disorder due to parkinson's disease

Disorder characterized by progressive decline in motor movements; results from damage to dopamine pathways.

parkinson's disease

Degenerative brain disorder principally affecting motor performance (for example, tremors and stooped posture) associated with reduction in
dopamine

human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)

Disease that causes AIDS.

neurocognitive disorder due to hiv infection

Less common type of neurocognitive disorder that affects people who have HIV; may lead to impaired thinking in advanced stages.

aphasia

Impairment or loss of language skills resulting from brain damage caused by
stroke
,
Alzheimer's disease
, or other illness or trauma.

huntington's disease

Genetic disorder marked by involuntary limb movements and progressing to
dementia

creutzfeldt-jakob disease

Extremely rare condition that causes
dementia

substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorder

Brain damage caused by prolonged use of drugs, often in combination with a poor diet.

deterministic

In genetics,
genes
that lead to nearly a 100% chance of developing the associated disorder. These are rare in the population.

susceptibility

In genetics,
genes
that only slightly increase the risk of developing the disorder, but in contrast to the
deterministic
genes, these are more common in the population.

Transvestism

the practice of deriving sexual gratification from dressing as a member of the other gender

Voyeurism

desire to watch others having sexual relations or to spy on nude people

Exhibitionism

a sexual disorder involving the exposure of one's genitals to a stranger.

Frotteurism

Compulsion to achieve sexual arousal by touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person in public situations

situational molesters

child molesters who have a primarily sexual orientation to adults, but have sex with children impulsively and regard their behavior as abnormal CARE ABOUT CONSEQUENCES

preference molester

"true" pedophile, primary sexual orientation is to children DO NOT CARE ABOUT CONSEQUENCES

psychosis

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions, can lead to hospitalization

kraeplin

believed schizophrenia was dementia praecox and that it was premature mental deterioration that started in adolesence; reflection of cognitive and perceptual impairments and was irreverisble

bleuler

Coined the term schizophrenia, "split mind" because the psychic functions were split, did not believe brains fully deteriorated; came up with the 4 A's to define schizophrenia

Association

thought disorder which can be seen with the rambling and incoherent speech

Affect

disorder in the experience of expression of emotions

Ambivalence

unable to make decsions

Autism

preoccupation with the self w/ little concern for external reality

Alogia

poverty of speech; lack of words or responsiveness

Erotomania

a disorder involving the fixed (but incorrect) belief that one is loved by another, which persists in the face of strong evidence to the contrary

Capgras syndrome

belief that a significant person, often a spouse, has been replaced by an identical appearing impostor

positive sympotoms of schizophrenia

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought and behavior

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

disturbance of affect, blunting (severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression), flat affect, inappropriate affect (might laugh hysterically while describing someones death)

prodromal phase

gradual onset of symptoms, time of mild signs or symptoms

active phase

a period in the course of schizophrenia in which psychotic symptoms are present/severe

residual phase

A phase of schizophrenia usually after the active phase involving peculiar thoughts and behaviors similar to the prodromal phase.

apraxia

impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function