Human Development

3 major aspects of human development

Physical, Psychosocial, Cognitive Development

Physical Development

Changes in bodily appearance and structure.

Psychosocial Development

Changes in social and emotional aspects of personality.

Cognitive Development

Changes in the thought processes that could affect language, learning abilities, and memory.

2 kinds of change in development

Qualitative and Quantitative

Qualitative Changes

refer to progressive series of change leading to improvement like those changes in kind that distinguish an infant who has an underdeveloped motor skill from a baby who can walk already. It is also referred to as DEVELOPMENT.

Quantitative Changes

refer to the measurable changes in an individual like changes in height, body proportion, and the like. It is also referred to as GROWTH

2 factors of development

Nature (Inherited traits) and Nurture (Experiences)

Heredity

A process whereby traits of parents are handed down to their offspring via genes.

Environment

Refers to all forces that affect man, like physical, natural, and social forces.

Maturation

It is the gradual unfolding of heredity traits and potentials; the process which the individual has to pass through before he reaches the state of MATURITY.

Phylogenetic functions

functions common to the human race like sitting and walking, and development occurs through maturation.

Ontogenetic functions

traits specific to the individual like swimming and writing are learned through training.

Chromosomes

A thread-like or rope-like bodies that contain the genes, they are usually founds in pairs.

Genes

The real bearers of hereditary traits

Dominant Genes

Strong genes; always manifested in the offspring

Recessive Genes

Weak genes; can only be manifested if it is paired with the same gene.

Principle of Reproduction

States the LIKE BEGETS LIKE, where human individuals will reproduce their own kind.

Principle of Variation

States the NO two individuals of any kind are exactly ALIKE even identical twins have mild differences like one could be slightly taller than the other.

Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness

The principle determines the presence of similarities and differences among family members. There are traits assured of appearing in the child, whenever present— these are known as dominant traits. Other traits that are recessive appear only in the absence of a dominant trait.

Principle of Chance

Within the limits of potential traits transmissible by heredity, It plays a significant role in making absolute prediction almost impossible.

Principle of Sex-Linked Characteristics

- These are carried by the same genes that determine sex
- These are carried by women but, usually suffered by most men
- E.g. Baldness, color blindness, and hemophilia

Physical Traits

The appearance in general like facial features, complexion, height, and body built.

Physical Defects

Characteristics like harelip, cleft-palate, and stub-finger.

Physical diseases

Predisposition to tuberculosis, asthma, and hypertension.

Mental Traits

These are I.Q. level, some cases of mental disability, and predisposition to mental disorder.

Special talents/abilities

Artistic, literary, athletic, musical, and numerical talents

Monozygotic twins

- Identical
- Arise when one egg cell/ovum further divides into two after being fertilized by one sperm. They have exactly the same genetic constitutions, thus they always have the same sex and very similar looks.

Dizygotic twins

- Non-identical/fraternal
- Arise from two eggs/ova which are fertilized by two different sperm cells. They are no longer the same in their genetic makeup, thus, they may be the same or different sexes.

In-vitro fertilization

An ovum is extracted from the mother's ovary and then, the ovum is allowed to mature in an incubator and fertilized with a few drops of father's sperms. After the zygote had divided into eight cells, this is implanted in the mother's uterus where it grows in a normal way.

Artificial Insemination by a donor (AID)

the woman is inseminated with the sperm of a donor who is usually anonymous, because her husband is infertile.

Surrogate motherhood

When the man is fertile and the woman is not, in such case another woman may be inseminated with sperm of the father.

Cloning/mapping

The process of creating an identical copy or mirror image of an original.

Clone

Refers to a single cell or multi-cellular organism which is usually genetically identical to another living organisms.

Gestation period

The duration of pregnancy; 266 days.

Prenatal Stages

Period of the Ovum/Germinal, Period of the Embryo, Period of the Fetus

Period of the Ovum/ Germinal Stage

Starts from Fertilization to Two weeks.

Period of the Embryo

Second week to Eight weeks or Two months. Protective and nurturing organs like the umbilical cord connect the embryo to the placenta.

Period of the Fetus

Eight weeks to Birth

Amniotic Sac

A thin membrane that protects and encases the embryo.

Natural or Spontaneous Birth

Results when the FETUS' HEAD EMERGES FIRST through the birth canal followed by one shoulder then the other, next by the arms one at a time, and finally the legs.

Instrument Birth

Employed with the aid of surgical instruments if the FETUS IS TO LARGE or if its position does not allow a normal birth process.

Breech Birth

Takes place if the FETAL BUTTOCKS APPEAR FIRST, followed by the legs, arms, and eventually the head.

Transverse Presentation Birth

Occurs when the fetus lies CROSSWISE in the mother's uterus.

Cesarean-Section Birth

Employed when the fetus is delivered SURGICALLY by means of a SLIT created in the maternal abdominal wall.

Infancy Period

Birth to Two weeks

Period of Partunate

15 to 20 minutes after birth, once the umbilical cord has been cut; the infant at this point becomes a separate and independent being.

Period of Neonate

Covers the rest of the infancy period. It usually ends with the falling off of the umbilical cord, Almost 2 WEEKS AFTER BIRTH.

Adjustment to Temperature Changes

100 Fahrenheit or 38 degrees inside the mother's uterus while in the postnatal environment, it is between 70 F or 21 degrees.

4 Major adjustment during the Infancy Stage

Adjustment to Breathing, Adjustment to Taking Nourishment, Adjustment to Elimination

Adjustment to Breathing

After birth, when the umbilical cord is cut off, the infant must inhale and exhale air on his own.

Adjustment to Taking Nourishment

Fetus received regular nourishment through the umbilical cord but after birth, the infant has to suck and swallow his nourishment alone.

Adjustment to Elimination

The excretory organs of the infant start to function a few minutes or hours after birth.

Babyhood Period

- Extend from the 2nd WEEK of infancy up to the second year of life.
- Also known as the AGE OF HELPLESNESS.

Sucking Reflex

Where newborns start to suck things and touch their lips.

Rooting Reflex

Babies would turn their head toward the source of something that stimulates their cheek or mouth.

Babinski Reflex

Fanning out of the baby's toes when his sole is touched.

Darwinian Reflex

Causes the baby to grasp tightly objects placed in their hands.

Moro or Startle Reflex

Displayed when the baby hears a loud noise.

Pupillary Reflex

Wherein the baby closes his eyes when there is a bright ray that hits his eyes.

Swimming Reflex

Where babies usually make well-coordinated movements when the are out in the water with face down.

Childhood Stage

Starts from two years to the onset of puberty.

Early childhood Stage

- Extends from two years to Six years.
- The AGE OF CURIOSITY

Late Childhood

- Six years up to the onset of puberty, between Eleven to Twelve years of age.
- Labeled as SMART STAGE and GANG STAGE

Motor Development

Refers to the ability of the child to have control over his bodily movement.

Cephalocaudal Sequence

Development proceeds from head-to-toe direction where the upper parts of the body develop first before the bottom parts.

Proximodistal Sequence

Development proceeds from near to far, with the bodily parts near the center developing first before the extremities.

Jean Piaget

A Swiss biologist and psychologist has the most influential explanation about intellectual development.

4 Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational

Language

Includes any means by which a person expresses his ideas, his thoughts and his feelings.

Speech

- Involves distinct and articulate sounds or words to convey certain meanings.
- It also requires the coordination of the various vocal muscles' movements and mechanisms.
- It has MOTOR and MENTAL aspects.

4 Pre-speech forms of communication

Crying, Cooing or Babbling, Gestures and Non-verbal Communication, Emotional Expressions

Crying

Begins at birth to indicate distress and it serves as a rudimentary means of communication earliest form of communication among babies.

Cooing or Babbling

It is considered as the second preliminary form of communication.

Cooing

- Sounds are produced by the chance movements of the team of muscles used for vocal mechanisms.
- Takes place when there are social exchanges between the infant and the caregiver

Babbling

- Begins in the middle of the first year
- Explosive sounds or the act of producing strings of consonant- vowel combinations.
- the PLAY SPEECH

Gestures and Non-verbal Communication

- Appears by the 3rd to the 16 months of his age.
- Uses gestures and other non-verbal responses like facial expressions and hand gestures to communicate with their companions.

2 Kinds of Preverbal Gesture

Declarative and Imperative Gestures

Declarative Gestures

Wherein the baby calls on somebody else's attention to an object pointing or touching it.

Imperative Gestures

Wherein the baby tries to convince somebody to do something through his actions like pointing at a toy that he wants, and or tugging at the skirts of a caregiver when he wants to be picked up.

Emotional Expressions

An expression that is done through facial and bodily changes.

Communicative Competence

The ability of the child to convey his thoughts and ideas, his feelings and intentions in a meaningful and socially approved manner.

Communication

A two-way process whereby we send messages to people and receive messages from them.

Productive language

ability to produce communications

Components of Language

Phonology, Semantics, Grammar, Pragmatics

Phonology

Refers to the units or systems of sounds or phenomes that are used in a particular language and the rules for combining these sounds.

Semantics

Refers to the study of word meanings and the word combinations.

Grammar

Involves a description of the structure of language which consists of two major parts: Morphology and Syntax.

Morphology

Refers to the study of morphemes which is the smallest unit of meaning in a language.

Syntax

It specifies and prescribes on how words are combined into phrases, clauses, and sentences.

Pragmatics

Deals about the rules for the use of a language in a particular context.

Sociolinguistics knowledge

Culturally approved rules that dictate on how language should be used in a particular context.

The Leaning (or Empiricist) View

This theory used the traditional learning explanations that children IMITATE what they hear and they are corrected when they say things incorrectly.

The Nativist View

Children are born with an innate mental structure that guides their acquisition of language, and grammar in particular.

Interactionist View

A belief that language development is the result and product of a complex transaction and interplay between nature and nurture.

Social Development

According to Hurlock, it refers to the acquisition of the ability to behave in accordance with social expectations.

Home

It is considered as a SEAT OF LEARNING for social graces and social skills.

Erik Erikson

He outlined eight stages of psychological development.

Puberty Stage

- Overlaps at the end of childhood and it touches the early part of adolescence.
- AGE OF CONFUSION

2 Stages of Puberty

Pre-pubescence and Post-pubescence