Infant Growth, Motor, and Psychosocial Development Milestones

What are WHO growth charts?

Growth charts used to assess the growth of infants from birth to 2 years old.

What are CDC growth charts?

Growth charts used to assess the growth of children aged 2 to 20 years old.

When do infants double their weight?

by 6 months of age.

When do infants triple their weight?

by 12 months of age.

How much weight do infants gain each month until 6 months?

Infants gain 1 to 2 pounds every month until 6 months.

How much weight do infants gain each month from 6 to 12 months?

Infants gain 1 pound every month until 12 months.

How much do infants grow in height each month until 6 months?

Infants increase in height by 1 inch every month until 6 months.

How much do infants grow in height each month from 6 to 12 months?

Infants increase in height by ½ inch every month until 12 months.

When does the posterior fontanelle close?

The posterior fontanelle closes by 2 months of age.

When does the anterior fontanelle close?

The anterior fontanelle closes by 12 to 24 months of age.

When do reflexes fade in infants?

Reflexes fade by 4 to 6 months.

What are gross motor skills?

Gross motor skills involve large muscle groups and include movements such as sitting, rolling, creeping, crawling, and walking.

What is cephalocaudal development?

Cephalocaudal development is the principle that a child gains control of the head before the limbs.

What is proximodistal development?

a child gains control of the arms before the hands and hands before fingers.

What is the gross motor milestone at 1 month?

At 1 month, infants can turn their head while supine and lift their chin while prone.

What is the gross motor milestone at 2 months?

At 2 months, infants bob their head when sitting and lift their chest while prone.

What is the gross motor milestone at 3 months?

At 3 months, infants can roll over on their side and prop up on their forearms.

What is the gross motor milestone at 4 months?

At 4 months, infants can roll from front to back, sit with trunk support, and prop up on their wrists.

What is the gross motor milestone at 5 months?

At 5 months, infants can roll from back to front, sit with pelvic support, and sit with arms out front.

What is the gross motor milestone at 6 months?

At 6 months, infants can sit for a few moments propped up with hands and bear weight on one hand while prone.

What is the gross motor milestone at 7 months?

At 7 months, infants can sit without support and use arms for balance.

What is the gross motor milestone at 8 months?

At 8 months, infants can get into a sitting position and commando crawl.

What is the gross motor milestone at 9 months?

At 9 months, infants can creep and pull to stand.

What is the gross motor milestone at 10 months?

At 10 months, infants can cruise, stand using an adult's hand for support, and walk using both hands for support.

What is the gross motor milestone at 11 months?

At 11 months, infants can move around with furniture using one hand and stand for a few seconds without support.

What is the gross motor milestone at 12 months?

At 12 months, infants can walk independently without support.

What are fine motor skills?

Fine motor skills involve small movements made by the hands and wrists.

What is the fine motor milestone at 1 month?

At 1 month, infants keep their hands in a fist near their face.

What is the fine motor milestone at 2 months?

infants can hold a rattle if placed in their hand.

What is the fine motor milestone at 3 months?

infants inspect their fingers and hit at objects close to their body.

What is the fine motor milestone at 4 months?

infants have their hands open most of the time and can reach for and grab at objects.

What is the fine motor milestone at 5 months?

infants demonstrate a palmar grasp and can transfer objects from hand to mouth.

What is the fine motor milestone at 6 months?

infants can transfer an item from one hand to the other.

What is the fine motor milestone at 7 months?

infants demonstrate a radial palmar grasp.

What is the fine motor milestone at 8 months?

infants can use a scissors grasp.

What is the fine motor milestone at 9 months?

infants can bang cubes together and use a pincer grasp.

What is the fine motor milestone at 10 months?

infants can isolate their index finger and point.

What is the fine motor milestone at 11 months?

infants can throw objects and stir with a spoon.

What is the fine motor milestone at 12 months?

infants can scribble, use a pincer grasp without difficulty, hold a crayon, and stack blocks.

What is the psychosocial milestone at 1 month?

infants can discriminate their parents' voice and cry.

What is the psychosocial milestone at 2 months?

infants respond to voices and smile.

What is the psychosocial milestone at 3 months?

infants follow movement in the room and express dislike to taste or sound.

What is the psychosocial milestone at 4 months?

infants stop crying when a parent speaks.

What is the psychosocial milestone at 5 months?

infants recognize and bond with their parent.

What is the psychosocial milestone at 6 months?

infants show stranger danger and sleep anxiety.

What is the psychosocial milestone at 7 months?

infants look back and forth from parent to an object when wanting help.

What is the psychosocial milestone at 8 months?

At 8 months, infants communicate emotions.

What is the psychosocial milestone at 9 months?

At 9 months, infants experience separation anxiety, recognize people, and make sounds to get attention.

What is the psychosocial milestone at 10 months?

At 10 months, infants have fears and respond to their name.

What is the psychosocial milestone at 11 months?

infants seek help from adults for objects.

What is the psychosocial milestone at 12 months?

infants seek their parent's interest in objects.

What is the cognitive development recommendation by the American Academy of Pediatrics?

The recommendation is no screen time for infants from birth to 18 months.

What is the cognitive development recommendation by WHO?

recommends no screen time for infants from birth to 2 years.

What activities should be encouraged for cognitive development?

Encourage reading, playing, singing, and cuddling.

What is the focal length preference for infants at 1 to 2 months?

Infants have a focal length of approximately 10 inches.

What cognitive development occurs from 2 to 6 months?

Infants begin to explore their environment using touch and develop self-understanding and grasp of cause and effect.

What cognitive development occurs from 6 to 12 months?

Object permanence develops, and infants begin to play peek-a-boo and show stranger and separation anxiety.

What are common cognitive development concerns?

Disorders causing cognitive delays include Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and fetal alcohol syndrome.

What is the importance of reading to infants?

Reading to infants increases language development and helps build a good language foundation.

What is the language milestone at 1 month?

At 1 month, infants startle to sounds and voices and coo.

What is the language milestone at 2 months?

At 2 months, infants are aware of sounds and voices, smile socially, and make noises with vowels.

What is the language milestone at 3 months?

At 3 months, infants laugh and respond with sounds.

What is the language milestone at 4 months?

At 4 months, infants turn their head toward voices and make sounds when alone.

What is the language milestone at 5 months?

At 5 months, infants respond to their name and express anger without crying.

What is the language milestone at 6 months?

At 6 months, infants raise their hands when wanting to be picked up and babble with consonants.

What is the language milestone at 7 months?

At 7 months, infants listen to songs and music and look toward named objects.

What is the language milestone at 8 months?

At 8 months, infants respond when called and shake their head for no.

What is the language milestone at 9 months?

At 9 months, infants say 'mama' and repeat sounds they hear.

What is the language milestone at 10 months?

At 10 months, infants enjoy games, wave, and say 'dada.'

What is the language milestone at 11 months?

At 11 months, infants dance to music and say their first word.

What is the language milestone at 12 months?

At 12 months, infants can follow one-step directions and point at desired objects.

What is the role of play in infant development?

Play provides an opportunity for nurses to assess the abilities of the infant and promotes social interaction.

What are signs of postpartum depression (PPD) in mothers?

Symptoms include sadness, guilt, feelings of incompetence, anhedonia, poor concentration, anxiety, and thoughts of harm.

What is separation anxiety?

Separation anxiety is the fear and anxiety infants feel when their sense of security is removed, typically occurring between 6 months and 3 years.

What are the expected interventions for separation anxiety?

Parents should leave infants for short periods with caregivers and gradually increase separation time.

What are the leading causes of death in infants?

Leading causes include birth defects, preterm birth/low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), suffocation injuries, and maternal pregnancy complications.

What is the recommended feeding for infants in the first 4 to 6 months?

Most calories should come from breast milk or formula.

What are the benefits of breastfeeding?

Breastfeeding decreases the risk of infections, increases bonding, and is easier to digest for infants.

What should be done if an infant is not gaining enough weight?

Supplementation may be needed for infants not gaining enough weight.

What are common food allergens for infants?

Common allergens include cow's milk, eggs, peanuts, soy, and wheat.

What is the recommended introduction of solid foods?

Introduce solid foods after 6 months, starting with vegetables before fruits.

What is the recommended sleep position for infants?

Infants should be placed on their back to sleep to reduce the risk of SUID.

What is failure to thrive?

Failure to thrive is defined as being less than the 5th percentile on CDC growth charts and can result from neglect or lack of parent education.

What is sudden unexpected infant death (SUID)?

SUID is the abrupt and unexpected death of an infant less than 1 year old, and it is the leading cause of death in this age group.

What are risk factors for SUID?

Risk factors include maternal age 20 years and younger, smoking during pregnancy, prematurity, male sex, overheating, and unsafe sleep environments.

What interventions can reduce the risk of SUID?

Encourage breastfeeding, keep the crib in the parent's room, use a pacifier, and ensure the infant is not overheated.

What is object permanence?

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, which develops around 6 to 12 months.

What is the recommended feeding method for infants in the first 6 months?

Breastfeeding is recommended as the best source of nutrition for infants for the first 6 months.

What are the risks associated with formula feeding?

Formula feeding can increase the risk for chronic disorders such as asthma, diabetes mellitus, and respiratory infections.

What is the recommended approach for introducing solid foods to infants?

Introduce solid foods after 6 months, starting with vegetables before fruits, and add new foods every 3 to 5 days.

What are common food sensitivities in infants?

Common food sensitivities include cow's milk, eggs, peanuts, soy, and wheat.

What is the recommended vitamin supplementation for infants?

Iron drops are recommended at 4 months, and vitamin D supplementation is recommended at 2 months.

What is the importance of tummy time for infants?

Tummy time helps with muscle development and provides different angles of the environment for infants.

What is the age range for infants?

Infants are defined as children from 1 month to 1 year old.

What is the significance of bonding with infants?

Bonding helps with emotional security and development.

What is the average sleep requirement for infants aged 4 months to 1 year?

Infants should get 13 to 14 hours of sleep per day.

What is echolalia in infants?

Echolalia is the repetition of sounds or phrases heard by the infant.

What is the significance of introducing new foods every 3 to 5 days?

This allows parents to monitor for adverse reactions to new foods.

What is the role of a caregiver during separation anxiety?

Caregivers should provide a familiar environment and gradually increase separation time.

What developmental milestone does a smile in return reflect?

Social engagement and emotional response typically seen around 2 months of age.