Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are the biomolecules responsible for the transfer of genetic information, which polymers are they composed of?

Nucleotide

Nucleic acids are involved in energy metabolism alongside their primary role in genetic information transfer, what are some examples of these molecules mentioned?

ATP, UTP, GTP

What are the monomers used in nucleic acids, which are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group?

Nucleotides

Depending on the parent compound they are derived from, what are the two types of heterocyclic, nitrogenous bases?

Pyrimidines, Purines

The pyrimidine nitrogenous bases are characterized by a structure consisting of how many rings and how many atoms?

One ring, six atoms

The purine nitrogenous bases are characterized by a structure consisting of how many rings and how many atoms?

Two rings, nine atoms

Which pyrimidine base is described chemically as 2-oxy-4-amino pyrimidine?

Cytosine

Which pyrimidine base is described chemically as 2-oxy-4-oxy pyrimidine?

Uracil

Which pyrimidine base is described chemically as 2-oxy-4-oxy-5-methyl pyrimidine?

Thymine

Which purine base is described chemically as 6-amino purine?

Adenine

Which purine base is described chemically as 2-amino-6-oxy purine?

Guanine

What is the pentose sugar used for RNA nucleotides?

Ribose

What is the pentose sugar used for DNA nucleotides?

2-Deoxyribose

Phosphate groups of nucleotides are derived from what acid?

Phosphoric acid

Under cellular conditions, the phosphate group derived from phosphoric acid exists in which ionic form?

HPO₄²⁻

In a nucleotide, the bonds that link the three groups use the carbon atoms of the pentose sugar as the reference, which are designated with a number and what other symbol?

Prime

Nitrogenous bases are linked to which carbon atom of the pentose sugar (1’) via a glycosidic bond?

C1

What term is used to refer to nitrogenous bases that are linked to a pentose sugar?

Nucleosides

Phosphate groups are linked to which carbon atom of the pentose sugar (5’) via an ester bond?

C5

In ribonucleotides, what is the nucleoside formed by the combination of Adenine?

Adenosine

In ribonucleotides, what is the nucleotide formed by the combination of Adenine?

Adenosine MP

In ribonucleotides, what is the nucleoside formed by the combination of Guanine?

Guanosine

In ribonucleotides, what is the nucleotide formed by the combination of Guanine?

Guanosine MP

In ribonucleotides, what is the nucleoside formed by the combination of Cytosine?

Cytidine

In ribonucleotides, what is the nucleotide formed by the combination of Cytosine?

Cytidine MP

In ribonucleotides, what is the nucleoside formed by the combination of Uracil?

Uridine

In ribonucleotides, what is the nucleotide formed by the combination of Uracil?

Uridine MP

In deoxyribonucleotides, what is the nucleoside formed by the combination of Adenine?

Deoxyadenosine

In deoxyribonucleotides, what is the nucleotide formed by the combination of Adenine?

Deoxyadenosine MP

In deoxyribonucleotides, what is the nucleoside formed by the combination of Guanine?

Deoxyguanosine

In deoxyribonucleotides, what is the nucleotide formed by the combination of Guanine?

Deoxyguanosine MP

In deoxyribonucleotides, what is the nucleoside formed by the combination of Cytosine?

Deoxycytidine

In deoxyribonucleotides, what is the nucleotide formed by the combination of Cytosine?

Deoxycytidine MP

In deoxyribonucleotides, what is the nucleoside formed by the combination of Thymine?

Deoxythymidine

In deoxyribonucleotides, what is the nucleotide formed by the combination of Thymine?

Deoxythymidine MP

Nucleotides are linked through their sugar and phosphate groups, what is this resulting structure referred to as?

Nucleic acid backbone

Nucleotides are linked from the 3’ carbon to the 5’ carbon via which specific type of bond?

Phosphodiester bond

What is the name given to the end of a nucleic acid with the free phosphate group?

5' end

What is the name given to the end of a nucleic acid with the free OH group?

3' end

By convention, how are nucleic acids written in terms of their ends?

5' to 3'

What are the four nitrogenous bases found in Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)?

G, C, A, T

What is the pentose sugar found in Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)?

2-Deoxyribose

Where is DNA primarily found?

Nucleus

What is the main function of DNA?

Storage, transfer

How is DNA passed from one cell to another?

Cell division

What structure of DNA refers to the single strand nucleotide sequence, written from 5’ to 3’?

Primary Structure

What structure of DNA refers to the double stranded helix structure?

Secondary Structure

In the DNA secondary structure, if one strand runs from 5’ to 3’, how does the other strand run?

3' to 5' (anti-parallel)

What type of bonds stabilize the double stranded helix structure of DNA between nitrogenous bases of the two strands?

Hydrogen bonds

In the DNA secondary structure, the backbone is oriented outwards, where are the bases oriented?

Inwards

In double stranded DNA (dsDNA), which specific base is always paired with Cytosine?

Guanine

In double stranded DNA (dsDNA), how many hydrogen bonds link Guanine and Cytosine?

Three

In double stranded DNA (dsDNA), which specific base is always paired with Thymine?

Adenine

In double stranded DNA (dsDNA), how many hydrogen bonds link Adenine and Thymine?

Two

According to base pairing rules in dsDNA, the percentage of Adenine (%A) is always equal to the percentage of which other base?

%T

According to base pairing rules in dsDNA, the percentage of Guanine (%G) is always equal to the percentage of which other base?

%C

If human DNA contains 30% adenine, what percentage of thymine, guanine, and cytosine does it contain respectively?

30%, 20%, 20%

What are the four nitrogenous bases found in Ribonucleic acids (RNA)?

G, C, A, U

What is the pentose sugar found in Ribonucleic acids (RNA)?

Ribose

Where is RNA found within the cell?

All parts

What is the main function of RNA?

Protein synthesis

Is RNA generally more or less stable than DNA?

Less stable

What structure of RNA refers to the single strand nucleotide sequence, written from 5’ to 3’?

Primary Structure

What structure of RNA refers to the folding of a single RNA strand?

Secondary Structure

How is the folding of a single RNA strand (secondary structure) stabilized?

Hydrogen bonds

What are the three main RNA molecules involved in the conversion of genetic information into protein products?

Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, Ribosomal RNA

Which type of RNA carries information from DNA inside the nucleus and takes it to ribosomes for protein synthesis?

Messenger RNA

Which type of RNA's sequence is used by ribosomes as the basis for the amino acid sequence of proteins?

mRNA

Which type of RNA delivers amino acids to the sites for protein synthesis?

Transfer RNA

What is the size range of Transfer RNA (tRNA) in terms of nucleotide units?

75–90

What structure is Transfer RNA (tRNA) described as having, like a 'clover-leaf'?

'clover-leaf' like

What is the three-dimensional (3D) structure of Transfer RNA (tRNA) described as?

L-shaped

Which type of RNA is a component of ribosomes?

Ribosomal RNA

What does Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) allow when messenger RNA (mRNA) enters the ribosome?

Proper binding

Purine

Adenine

Guanine

Pyrimidine

Uracil

Thymine

Cytosine