history final

Progressive Movement

The Progressive movement was a turn-of-the-century political movement interested in furthering social and political reform, curbing political corruption caused by political machines, and limiting the political influence of large corporations.

Goals of Progressivism

(1) protect social welfare

(2) create economic reform

(3) promote moral improvement

(4) fostering efficiency

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

YMCA

Young Men's Christian Association, Spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities.

Florence Kelley

Advocate for womens' and childrens' rights. Helped win passage of the Illinois Factory Act that prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours.

Prohibition

Ban on alcohol

WCTU

(Women's Christian Temperance Union) group organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the U.S.

Anti-Saloon League

National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.

Eugene Debs

helped found the American Socialist Party in 1898.

Muckraker

Journalist who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in a newspaper.

Scientific Management

Studies to see just how quickly each task could be performed.

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (assembly line).

Galveston Texas

Struck by a massive hurricane in 1900.

Commission Plan

City would commission 5 members to each oversee an area of recovery.

Robert M. La Follette

As Wisconsin governor he regulated big businesses for 3 terms. He then entered the U.S. Senate in 1906.

Keating-Owen Act

Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children.

Muller v. Oregon

Louis Brandies argued that poor, working women were more economically insecure than large corporations. Court upheld law limiting women to a 10 hour workday.

Secret Ballot

(Australian Ballot) Anonymous voting system.

Initiative

Bill organized by citizens instead of lawmakers.

Referendum

Vote on an initiative.

Recall

The recall enabled voters to remove public officials from office by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term.

Primary System

Held a primary election prior to the election which would place 2 main candidates on the ballot.

Seventeenth Amendment

Enabled the direct election of United States senators in each state.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Fire in 1911 that killed 146 workers.

NACW

The National Association of Colored Women merged two earlier organizations.

Susan B. Anthony

Leading advocate for women's suffrage, co-founder of the National Women's Suffrage Association.

Suffrage

The right to vote.

NAWSA

The National American Woman's Suffrage Association merged more women's suffrage organizations.

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker Journalist.

The Jungle

Novel written by Upton Sinclair. Exposed the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry.

Theodore Roosevelt

Vice president to McKinley, later president of the United States.

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist.

Leon Czolgosz

Assassinated President McKinley

Square Deal

Term used to describe the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration.

Northern Securities Case

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

PA Coal Strike

In 1902, 140,000 coal miners striked for better conditions, higher wages, and reduced hours.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.

Elkins Act

(1903) Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers

Hepburn Act

This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

Meat Inspection Act

Placed strict quality and purity standards for processing meats.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Halted the sales of contaminated food and medicines and called for truth in labeling.

John Muir

Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

Gifford Pinchot

Head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

Conservation

The act of preserving the natural environment.

Newlands Reclamation Act

1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. Had dinner with Teddy Roosevelt to discuss matters of equality.

W.E.B. du Bois

Fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP.

NAACP

(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Aimed for full equality among the races.

Ida Tarbell

Muckraking journalist who wrote about the oil industry and wrote "The History of a Standard Oil Company"

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Aimed to reduce tariffs but did little to nothing.

Richard Ballinger

Taft's Secretary of the Interior, allowed a private group of business people to obtain several million acres of Alaskan public lands.

Pinchot v. Ballinger

Ballinger allowed private companies to destroy reserved lands. Pinchot attacked him for it. Ballinger resigned and Pinchot was fired by Taft. This contributed to the splitting of the Rep. party, causing Taft to lose in 1912 and break friendship between him and Roosevelt.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

Bull Moose Party

Progressive party headed by Roosevelt.

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic progressive candidate that won the presidential election in 1912.

1912 Election

Election between Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson (Wilson elected because Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican voters)

Carrie Chapman Catt

President of the NAWSA.

Clayton Antitrust Act

(1914) Sought to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. The Clayton Act prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another if doing so would create a monopoly; if a company violated the law, its officers could be prosecuted.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

FTC

Federal Trade Commission. Protects consumers from misleading and fraudulent advertising. Reviews advertising claims. Can order a company to change their ad

Underwood Act

Reform law that lowered tariff rates and levied the first regular federal income tax.

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax.

Progressive Tax

A tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes increases as income increases.

Federal Reserve Act

Law that created the modern banking system. Could provide loans to banks in trouble.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Made trusts illegal but used vague language so companies kept finding ways around it.

Bull Moose Party

Progressive party that nominated Roosevelt for the 1912 election.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Given the power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes.

Queen Liliuokalani

Queen of Hawaii when the US started to try to expand there. Wanted Hawaii to be its own nation, but surrendered to avoid "loss of life" promoted "Hawaii for Hawaiians"

John L. Stevens

U.S. minister to Hawaii, helped stage a coup that overthrew the nationalist government of Queen Liliuokalani. The coup leaders, American sugar growers, then applied to the United States for annexation of Hawaii

Fuel for Imperialism

1. Desire for military strength.
2. Thirst for new markets.
3. Belief in cultural superiority.

Alfred T. Mahan

Built up US naval power so that they could fight overseas.

Social Darwinism

Belief that free-market capitalism would lead to survival of the fittest.

William Seward

Secretary of state under Lincoln and Jackson. Purchased Alaska.

Seward's Folly

Critical name for William Seward's purchase of Alaska.

McKinley Tariff

1890-Protective tariff which raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of over 48%.

Pearl Harbor

Important harbor in Hawaii. The US established a powerful naval base there.

Sanford B. Dole

Head of Hawaiian government after revolution organized by John L. Stevens.

Annexation of Hawaii

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century term-doctrine or belief that the expansion of the U.S. throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

José Martí

Led second Cuban revolution.

Valeriano Weyler

Sent from Spain to Cuba to restore order. Forced 300,000 Cubans into concentration camps, many died from hunger and disease.

Hearst and Pulitzer

Competitors against each other in a circulation war; practitioners/founders of yellow journalism.

Yellow Journalism

When journalists exaggerate stories to lure and enrage readers.

de Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

U.S.S. Maine

Battleship sent to Cuba to evacuate Americans in danger and protect American property.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence.

George Dewey

(April 30,1898) Gave command to open fire on the Spanish fleet in Manila.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of Filipino rebels, assisted Americans against Spain. Joined Filipino rebels with the US navy led by George Dewey. Also led Filipino revolt against Spain, and later, against U.S.

Rough RIders

A volunteer cavalry under the command of Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt. Fought in the battle of Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill on foot. (Horses left in US due to lack of transportation)

Kettle Hill

The 'Rough Riders' actually had a battle with the Spanish on this hill.

San Juan Hill

Important battle in the Spanish-American War. Gave Americans high ground over Santiago de Cuba

John Hay

Wrote both editions of the Open Door Notes. U.S. Secretary of State.

Treaty of Paris

(1898) US and Spain met in Paris to negotiate a ceasefire. Spain gave US Guam, Puerto Rico, and sold the Philippines to the US for $20M.

Foraker Act

Gave the US direct control over and power to set up a government in Puerto Rico.

Insular Case

1901 Supreme Court ruled that The Constitution did not automatically apply to citizens of acquired territories.

Teller Amendment

Stated that the U.S. had no intentions of taking over Cuba.

Platt Amendment

Stated that:

(1)Cuba could not make treaties that limit its independence or permit foreign control of its territory.

(2)U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba.

3)Cuba was not to go into debt that it could not repay.

(4)U.S. could buy or lease land on the island for naval or refueling stations.

Protectorate

A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.